3.1-Parts 1-3

Question 1

Name all the types of evolution.

Answer 1

Microevolution

Macroevolution

Question 2

The science that studies the change in distribution of traits within a species population (A.K.A. a gene pool).

Answer 2

Population genetics

Question 3

Organisms that are so genetically similar that they have the potential to breed and produce are Viable (living) Fertile (able to reproduce eventually themselves).

Answer 3

Species

Question 4

A population is defined by four criteria:

Answer 4

Same species of organism.
Located in the same location.
At the same time.
And showing signs of reproduction. (Offspring are present within the group.)

Question 5

The geographical area within which a species can be found.

Answer 5

Geographic range

Question 6

Which kind of Organisms (i.e. grey squirrels or humans) may have several populations that cover a wide range?

Answer 6

Common organisms

Question 7

Which kind of organisms are global in range?

Answer 7

Humans

Question 8

This is because we “are” what we “are” because of the genes that we inherit from our parents. You cannot change the DNA you were given from your biological parents but genetic mutations can occur randomly.

Answer 8

Populations evolve; not individuals.

Question 9

Random changes that occur an organism’s DNA. Some help individuals survive in their environment and reproduce and some do not.

Answer 9

Mutations

Question 10

If a mutation (change) occurs in the DNA of sex cells (gametes) of the parent(s) then changes can be inherited by whom?

Answer 10

The offspring

Question 11

How many alleles are present at that time within the population.

Answer 11

Allele frequency

Question 12

There is no change in frequency; no evolution is present (A state of equilibrium).

Answer 12

Fixed

Question 13

Frequency is changing; evolution is occurring (A state of change over time).

Answer 13

Evolving

Question 14

An _______ is a version of a gene, such as blue or brown for eye color.

Answer 14

allele

Question 15

There are always at least _ alleles for a trait, sometimes ________.

Answer 15

2; several

Question 16

_____________ is the process through which population change over time.

Answer 16

Evolution

Question 17

Which set of equations is used to follow allele frequency within a population (also considered a gene pool)?

Answer 17

Hardy-Weinberg Theorem

Question 18

If the numbers (rates) change from generation to generation, what is happening?

Answer 18

The population is evolving over time.

Question 19

If the numbers (rates) do not change from generation to generation, what is happening?

Answer 19

The population is not evolving over time and is then said to be in a state of equilibrium.

Question 20

(This equation is for alleles.)

Answer 20

Equation #1: p + q = 1 “p” refers to the “dominant” allele percentage and “q” refers to the recessive allele percentage. Together p + q percentages must equal 100% of the gene pool or 1.

Question 21

(This equation refers to the percent composition/number of organisms within the population (gene pool) at that time.) It is essentially a Punnett square, but in math format.

Answer 21

Equation #2: p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 It is essentially a Punnett square, but in math format.
p2 = the homozygous dominant percentage of organisms within the population at that time.
2pq = the heterozygous percentage of organisms within the population at that time.
q2 = the homozygous recessive percentage of organisms within the population at that time.
All three must add up to 100% (1) of the population.

Question 22

Five conditions must be met for a population to be in Equilibrium:

Answer 22

1. Large population must exist. (This dilutes any non-random processes that are occurring.)
2. No migration in or out of the population is occurring at that time. (The population is not being influenced by outside environmental factors.)
3. No mutations are occurring within the genome. (No random, unforeseen change due to an environmental stress.)
4. Random mating is occurring (No preferences are being displayed for one trait over another trait…everyone is equal in fitness.)
5. No natural selection is occurring in the population at this time. (Nature favors all equally in terms of fitness.)

Question 23

What is equilibrium?

Answer 23

Frequency not changing

Question 24

What does p2 =?

Answer 24

the homozygous dominant percentage of organisms within the population at that time.

Question 25

What does 2pq = ?

Answer 25

the heterozygous percentage of organisms within the population at that time.

Question 26

What does q2 = ?

Answer 26

the homozygous recessive percentage of organisms within the population at that time.

Question 27

The offspring that do survive will pass on, by reproduction useful variations to is offspring that will help the species better survive in their environment because the "weak" traits will eventually be removed by nature.

Answer 27

Natural Selection (A.K.A survival of the fittest)

Question 28

A species' ability to produce more offspring tan the environment can support.

Answer 28

Overproduction

Question 29

Most offspring will not survive to adulthood due to:

Answer 29

1. Predation 2. Limited resources 3. Disease

Question 30

Give an example of overproduction:

Answer 30

Clownfish can lay 600-1500 eggs per clutch and green sea turtles lay 75-200 eggs per clutch.

Question 31

The difference in traits within a given species or population

Answer 31

Variation

Question 32

Variations only come to existence with a change in the organism's DNA, this change is known a s a what?

Answer 32

Mutation

Question 33

Gametes

Answer 33

Sex cells

Question 34

Why do mutations usually occur in somatic cells?

Answer 34

Because the cells are exposed to environmental stresses

Question 35

An adaptation is a specific variation that is or becomes a common trait within a population because it helps the species better survive in their environment

Answer 35

Adaptations

Question 36

Give an example of adaptation:

Answer 36

Clownfish are naturally slow swimmers because of their rounder caudal find that help them make quick darting movements. Over time, they have become resistant to the stings of the sea anemones in which they live because they secrete a mucus which coats and protects the body. This allows the fish to hide from predators and provides it with a safe place to live.

Question 37

What are adaptations that are formed over time as the preferred variation is inherited by offspring?

Answer 37

Natural Selection