3.1-Roles of Agencies in Social Control

Question 1

What are the philosophies/aims and objectives of the prison reform trust charity?

Answer 1

-improve treatment and conditions for prisoners and their families
-reduce unnecessary imprisonment and promote community solutions to crime
-promote equality and human rights in the justice system
-works to create a just/humane/effective penal system

Question 2

How is the prison reform trust funded?

Answer 2

Functions solely on public donations

Question 3

What are the working practices of the prison reform trust?

Answer 3

-does not work with offenders directly but rather focuses on how the prison system can be reformed to benefit prisoners
-carry out research on aspects of prison life/ compositions of prisoners within prison and their life before
-provides advice and information to prisoners? CJS Agencies/members of the public/students by organising lectures/ conferences to promote their charity
-campaigns to improve the penal system ( “out of trouble”- reduce the number of children/young people in prison and “out for good-lessons for the future”-secures employment for prisoners on release

Question 4

What are the philosophies/aims and objectives of the Howard League for Penal Reform?

Answer 4

-seems to transform prison for those behind bars
-oldest penal reform charity in the uk (1886)
-aims for less crime/safer communities/fewer people in prisons

Question 5

How is the Howard League for Penal Reform charity funded?

Answer 5

-memberships and subscriptions
-public donations

Question 6

What are the working practices of the Howard League for Penal Reform?

Answer 6

-many successful campaigns (“books for prison”- won a charity award in 2015)
-works with the media/parliament/agencies
-campaigns to reduce the criminalisation of children which worked closely with the England and Wales police forces (child arrests fell by 58% between 2010-2015)
-National reach

Question 7

What are the philosophies/aims and objectives of NACRO?

Answer 7

-described as a social justice charity (strengthen communities/prevent crime/change lives)
-aims to overcome stereotypical views of ex-offenders)
-provides services to achieve their aims

Question 8

What services are provided by NACRO?

Answer 8

Education: 4900 studied through this service in 2018

Campaigns: campaigns to change laws/policies affecting ex-offenders ( reform the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974)

Resettlement advice: provide advice and support (education/accommodation/employment)

Outreach projects: keep young people from offending

Housing:houses 3000+ tenants in its own properties. 2600+ left custody with secure accommodation

Question 9

what types of offenders/offences does NACRO work with?

Answer 9

-a range of ex-offenders including those released from prison
-works with at risk young people (those excluded from mainstream schools)
-concerned with the needs of the disadvantaged young people and adults

Question 10

what reach does NACRO have?

Answer 10

-a national organisation with local activities/projects in around 50 different parts of England and Wales at any one time
-has a large full time staff and many unpaid volunteers

Question 11

how is NACRO funded?

Answer 11

-has an average income of £50m per year
-public donations
-government grants
-contracts for providing its services

Question 12

what are the philosophies of the National Probation Service?

Answer 12

its core values and ethical principles include:
-belief that offenders can change
-belief in the worth and dignity of the individual
-a commitment to social justice/social inclusion/equality and diversity

Question 13

what are the aims and objectives of the National Probation Service?

Answer 13

-supervise high risk offenders released into the community
-provide statutory support to victims of violent/sexual crimes
-protect the public
-rehabilitating offenders (tackling causes)
-work with partnerships with a range of organisations (courts/police/local councils/private and voluntary sectors)

–>until 2020, it worked with 21 private sector community rehabilitation companies (CRCs) (Sodexo Justice Services)
–>CRCs provided probation services for low/medium risk offenders)

Question 14

what types of offences/offenders does the NPS work with?

Answer 14

-at any one time there around around 250,000 offenders on probation
-offenders deemed safe enough to serve their sentence in the community (or to complete it if they are released on license)

Question 15

what reach does the NPS have?

Answer 15

-it is a national service
-works with the same standards throughout the country but delivering the same service regionally and locally

Question 16

how is the NPS funded?

Answer 16

-the NPS is part of the HMPPS which had a budget of £4.6bn (2018) shared between the two services
-budget is provided by the government from tax

Question 17

how are CRCs funded?

Answer 17

-private business that had a contract with the MoJ to provide probation services
-they are paid for meeting rehab targets agreed in the contracts
-19/21 CRCs missed their targets and some were supervising by telephone
-the HoC public accounts committee concluded that up to £342m had been spent on CRCs without any clear benefits and by 2020 the MoJ had spent £500m more than expected
-the government ended all contracts for probation work and reorginised the service on a regional basis. from 2022 it will be organised into 12 regions (Wales +11English regions)

Question 18

what are the philosophies of the Prison Service

Answer 18

–describes its purpose as ‘preventing victims by changing the lives of offenders’

Question 19

what are the aims and objectives of prisons?

Answer 19

-protect the public from harm
-help people who have been convicted of offences by rehabilitating them
-hold prisoners securely
-implementing sentences and orders of the court

Question 20

what types of offenders/offences do prisons work with?

Answer 20

-typically deal with higher risk offenders no suitable to serve their sentence in the community
-the range if seriousness of the offence varies

Question 21

rehabilitating offenders with prison activities and routines

Answer 21

-a prisons aim is to rehabilitate offenders but most prisons are criticised or the lack of activities/training/education/work opportunities
-in 2020 Chief Inspectors of prisons said that half the prisons had too few programmes and useful activates
-under 2/5 were assessed as delivering ‘good’ or ‘reasonably good’ activities compared to more than 2/3 in 2009/10

Question 22

what is the incentives and earned privileges system in prisons?

Answer 22

-IEPs is a reward system
-prisoners can earn reqards for keeping within the rules
-there are 3 IEP levels (basic, standard. enhanced)
-all start on the standard level
- good behaviour means the prisoners move up a level and earn more privileges
-misbehaviour and they move down a level reducing their privileges.

Question 23

what reach does the prison service have?

Answer 23

-a national organisations with numerous prisons around the UK
-offenders are first placed in a local prison after sentencing
they are then given a security classification based on a risk assessment
-they may be moved to a more appropriate prison elsewhere

Question 24

what are the four prison categories?

Answer 24

3 closed prisons:
CAT A- those who escape would be highly dangerous to the public(murder/rape/terrorism)
CAT B-do not require max security but for whom escape must still need to be made difficult
CAT C-cannot be trusted in open conditions but unlikely to escape

1 open prison:
CAT D- can be reasonably trusted not to escape

Question 25

how are prisons funded?

Answer 25

-paid by the government out of tax -the total budget for prisons was £3bn (2018) which was 16% lower than in 2010 -this resulted in cuts in staffing with a 15% fall in the number of prison officers (2010-2018) -as a result more experienced officers left the service (as of 2020 almost 1/3 of staff had less than 3yrs experience) -the average cost of keeping prisoners in public sectors was $41,136 per yr while private sectors cost £42,591 (2019)

Question 26

what philosophies does the jdiciary have?

Answer 26

-independence and fairness (prosecuting without bias) -honesty and openness -treating everyone with respect -behave professionally and striving for excellence

Question 27

what aims and objectives does the judiciary have?

Answer 27

-their basic role is to interpret and apply the law to cases

Question 28

what are the aims and objectives of the judiciary in the Crown Court?

Answer 28

-the judge must manage the trial -the judge must ensure fairness to all parties -the judge must explain the legal issues/procedures to the jury -the judge must sum up the evidence -the judge must pass the sentence if the defendant is found guilty

Question 29

what are the aims and objectives of the judiciary in the Court of Appeals?

Answer 29

-judges make the rulings on the appeals that come before them from lower courts -may involves creating precedent which then bind the future decisions of lower courts

Question 30

what types of offenders/offences does the judiciary deal with?

Answer 30

-judges deal with all types of offences and offenders -except the least serious cases which are usually dealt with in the magistrates court

Question 31

what reach does the judiciary have?

Answer 31

-the Supreme Court has nationwide jurisdiction and settles points of law of national importance -Lower Court handle cases more locally

Question 32

how is the judiciary funded?

Answer 32

-the pay of judges is decided by an individual body -in 2020 the most serious judge (Chief of Justice) recieved £262,000 while district judges in lower ranks earned £112,000 -despite this some senior barristers working in commercial law earn in excess of £1m (this may be a disincentive for people becoming judges)

Question 33

what does the judiciary have to ensure their independence is maintained in order to uphold the law and defend rights of citizens?

Answer 33

security of tenure: -judges cannot be removed from office except by a petition to the King passed by both Houses of Parliament A guaranteed salary

Question 34

what philosophies does the CPS have?

Answer 34

-independence and fairness (prosecuting without bias) -honesty and openness -treating everyone with respect -behave professionally -equality and inclusion (to inspire greater confidence in the CPS from victims and witnesses)

Question 35

what aims and objectives does the CPS have?

Answer 35

-set up in 1986 by the Prosecution of Offences Act 1985 -took over the role of prosecuting from police to reduce the risk of bias -advise the police on investigations about lines of inquiry and evidence needed to build a case -independently assess evidence -decide whether to prosecute and what charges to bring -prepare and present the case -assists/informs/supports victims and witnesses of the case

Question 36

what offences/offenders does the CPS deal with?

Answer 36

-a range of offences and offenders except for very minor crimes

Question 37

what reach does the CPS have?

Answer 37

-a national body throughout England and wales with 14 regional area team for prosecuting locally -Each team is headed by a Chief Crown Prosecutor who work closely with the local police teams and other criminal justice partners -CPS direct is a virtual 15th area (provides charging decisions to police nationwide 24/7 265 days a year)

Question 38

how is the CPS funded?

Answer 38

-mos of the funding comes from the government with half a million per year -the CPS recovers necessary costs through the courts awarding costs against the defendant and recovering assets confiscated from the defendant (fines) -suffered fudning cuts. their budget fell by 25% and had lost 1/3 of its staffing (raising concerns about their ability to perform effectively) in 2018

Question 39

what philosophies does the police have?

Answer 39

-prevent crime and disorder -depend on the public's cooperation -the use of physical force is a last resort -carry out their duty impartially -the police are the servants of the public and the law

Question 40

what aims and objectives do the police have?

Answer 40

-keep the peace and maintain order -protect life and property -prevent/detect/investigate crime -bring offenders to justice -the achieve these aims by using powers given by PACE 1984 -Stop -Question -search -arrest -detain in a police station

Question 41

what types of offenders/offences does the police deal with?

Answer 41

-police dea with all types of offenders and offences -there are specialist law enforcement agencies that deal with certain crimes: -detectives in CID -fraud and drug squads -covert operations/surveillance -traffic mounted police

Question 42

what are the different types of police?

Answer 42

unarmed police; -with exceptions of certain specialist units (force is the last resort special constables: -unpaid, part time volunteers who undergo the same training and have the same legal powers as paid officers Police Community Support Force (PCSOs): -limited in their power. mostly deal with anti-social behaviour (issue FPNs for littering/confiscating alcohol from underage people). they can ask a police officer to make an arrest if needed Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs): -elected representatives of the people of the area covered y a police force. give the local population a voice in policing and aim to cut rime and ensure efficient policing. they set the local police priorities and budget

Question 43

what reach does the police have?

Answer 43

nationwide organisation: -39 regional forces in England -4 forces in Wales -1 force in Scotland -1 force in Northern Ireland -there are also specialist organisation with UK wide reach (British Transport police)

Question 44

how are the police forces funded?

Answer 44

-total budget of £15.2bn (2020/21) -2/3 comes from government -most comes from council tax - a small amount comes from service charges (attending football matches) -funding fell by 19% between 2010-18 which led a fall of 20,000 police numbers. -by 2020 there were 123,000 officers in England and Wales.