3.2-Contributions of Agencies of Social Control Flashcards
(45 cards)
what does environmental design refer to?
the way the neighbourhood looks like
what is the idea of environmental design based on?
-the Crime Prevention Through environmental Design Theory (CPTED)
- based on the idea that crime results from the opportunites presented by the physical environment
-therefore if we alter the environment crime may be less likel to occur
what does CPTED stand for?
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design
what factors does CPTED involve?
-natural surveillance
natural access control
-territorial reinforcement
-maintences
-social management
what does the natural surveillance factor of CPTED refer to?
-the environment should give criminals a feeling of being watched
-maximising visibility (through placement of buildings) will maximise the risk of being caught and as a result reduce the likelihood of crime
what the social management factor of CPTED refer to?
-residents should have a positive interactions and police their own behaviour to give a sense of a safe location
what does the masintence factor of CPTED refer to?
-spaces should be well maintained so that criminals can see that there are boundaries and private spaces
-well maintained areas create the sense that ‘someone is home’ also creates a sense of protection/guardianship over the property
what does the Territorial Reinforcement factor of CPTED refer to?
-the environment should seen as though it is owned by residents, residents will take responsibilty and look after the space
-defines property lines and clear distinction between private/public spaces to create a sens eof ownership
what does the natural access control factor of CPTED refer to?
-people should be physically guided through a space by the strategic design of pavements.gates.entrances. they should indicate where public access and private resedents access
-restricts and encourages movement through the sites
what is Newman’s idea of spaces?
-he argued that some spaces are defensible and some are indefensible
-CPTED is an expansion on this idea
what are defensible spaces?
-areas where there are clear boundaries
-Newman argues that these spaces have low crime rates becuase of 4 key features(territoriality/surveillance/safe image/location)
what are indefensible spaces
-areas where crime is more likely to occur (public areas)
-they do not belong to anybody and are therefore not observed by anyone
what are the 4 features of defensible spaces?
-territoriality
-natural surveillance
-a safe image
-a safe location
what does the territoriality feature of defensible spaces mean?
-the sense of ownership of an environment makes people feel territorial over their property
-certain layouts also tell outsider that a paticular area is for private use only (cul-de-sac)
what does the natural surveillance factor of a defensible space mean?
-building features (easily viewed lobbies/street level windows) allow residents to identify and observe strangers
-a cul-de-sac for example allows residents to overlook each other’s homes
what does the safe image feature of defensible spaces mean?
-building designs should give the impression of a safe neighbourhood where residents look after one another.
-a negative image means the area will be stigmatised (negatively labelled) and targeted by offenders
what does the safe location feature of a defensible space mean?
-neighbourhoods located in the middle of a wider crime fre area are insulated from the outside would by a ‘moat’ of safety
what was the study carried out by Newman?
-a study of high-rise blocks in New York
-55% of all crimes committed occurred in public spaces such as hallways/lifts/stairwells/lobbies
-this was because no one felt as though they ‘owned’ them
-links to the territoriality feature of a defensible area
give an example of a case where Newmans New York study can be linked to
-Damilola Taylor
-killed in a concrete stairwell (territoriality) in a condemned housing estate (safe image)
what was Colemans’ study?
-analysed 4099 blocks of flats in two London boroughs
-she concluded that the poor design produced higher rates of crime and antisocial behaviour
-found th\at three design features encouraged crime (anonymity/lack of surveillance/easy escape-access control)
what were Coleman’s recommendations to reduce crime in London?
-no more blocks of flats should be built (lacks the sense of ownerships)
-each existing block should have its own garden/private space so residents can look after it (promotes a safe image- residents will look after it more)
-overhead walkways should be removed because they reduce surveillance (reduce blind spots)
list some examples of how Colmans design features have influenced crime rates
-Lisson Green estate West London, the removal of overhead walkways led to a 50% reduction in crime
-archtectural liaisons are employed in some police forces to implement crime prevention features in new buildings
-the ‘Security by Design’ kitemark scheme used by building industries indicates that a new building meets crime prevention standards (legislation)
-HO research found a 30% lower burglary rate in SBD houses
why are gated lanes used?
-lockable gates prevent offenders from gaining access to alleyways
-they are used to prevent burglaries abut can also stop fly tipping’antisocial behaviour/dog fouling
-they can also be used to create a safe space for children to play
what did Sidebottom et al find in their review on gated lanes?
-they review of 43 studies found that gated lanes reduced burglary rates
