3.1.1-5 nervous system

Question 1

nervous system

Answer 1

communication system of neurons between the body’s internal cells and organs and the external world

Question 2

3 main functions of the nervous system

Answer 2

receive, process and coordinate information

Question 3

central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 3

brain and spinal cord.
process’ and integrates information received from the body’s internal and external environments and to activate appropriate responses

Question 4

brain

Answer 4

intricate network of neurons, organised into identifiable areas and structures that have specialised functions

Question 5

spinal cord

Answer 5

long, thing bundle of nerve tissue that extends from the base of the brain to the lower back.
allows communication between the brain and PNS

Question 6

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 6

entire network of nerves located outside the CNS.

carries information to and from the CNS from the body’s muscles, organs and glands and sensory organs

Question 7

somatic nervous system

Answer 7

connected to our sensory receptors and skeletal muscles.

carries motor messages from CNS on efferent tract and sensory messages to CNS along afferent tract

Question 8

sensory (afferent) neurons

Answer 8

carry information received by sensory receptors to CNS

Question 9

motor (efferent) neurons

Answer 9

carry information from CNS to control voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles

Question 10

autonomic nervous system

Answer 10

connects CNS to the body’s organs, visceral muscles and glands, without conscious effort

Question 11

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 11

activates internal muscles, organs and glands to prepare the body for vigorous activity or to deal with a stressful or threatening situation

Question 12

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 12

helps to maintain the internal body environment in a steady, balanced state of normal functioning

Question 13

effects of the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 13

dilate pupils.
accelerate heartbeat.
inhibit flow of saliva.
dilate bronchi.
inhibit bladder contraction.
secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline.

Question 14

effects of the parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 14

stimulate flow of saliva.
slows heartbeat.
constricts bronchi.
contracts bladder

Question 15

conscious response to stimuli

Answer 15

reaction to sensory stimulus that involves awareness.

voluntary and intentional

Question 16

unconscious response to stimuli

Answer 16

reaction to sensory stimulus that doesn’t involves awareness.
involuntary and unintentional

Question 17

reflex arc / spinal reflex

Answer 17

unconscious, involuntary and automatically occurring response to certain stimuli without any involvement of the brain

Question 18

neuron

Answer 18

individual nerve cell that is specialised to receive, process and/or transmit information

Question 19

synapse

Answer 19

communication junction between two neurons

Question 20

synaptic transmission

Answer 20

process of neurons communicating with each other

Question 21

dendrite function

Answer 21

detect and receive info from other neurons

Question 22

axon function

Answer 22

transmit neural information to other neurons or cells in muscles and glands

Question 23

myelin function

Answer 23

insulates axon and prevents interference from the activity of other nearby axons

Question 24

nodes of ranvier

Answer 24

small unmyelinated gaps along axon

Question 25

myelin

Answer 25

white, fatty substances surrounding axon

Question 26

axon terminals function

Answer 26

sotres and secretes neurotransmitters and carries its chemical message to other neurons or cells

Question 27

terminal button

Answer 27

small structure like a sac that stores neurotransmitters

Question 28

neurotransmitters

Answer 28

chemical substances produced by a neuron that carry a message to other neurons or cells in muscles, organs or other tissue

Question 29

reuptake

Answer 29

reabsorption of neurotransmitter that don't bind to a receptor successfully back into the terminal button (axon terminal) by the presynaptic neuron

Question 30

neurotransmitter excitatory effect

Answer 30

stimulate or activate postsynaptic neurons to perform their functions. e.g. glutamate

Question 31

neurotransmitter inhibitory effect

Answer 31

block or prevent postsynaptic neurons from firing. | e.g. GABA

Question 32

glutamate (Glu)

Answer 32

primary excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS. enhances information transmission. involved in perception, thinking, movement and enhances processes of learning and memory

Question 33

GABA (gama amino butyric acid)

Answer 33

primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. maintain neurotransmission at an optimal level. without it, activation of postsynaptic neurons might get out of control. counterbalances glutamate

Question 34

lock and key process

Answer 34

neurotransmitter fits perfectly into receptor site

Question 35

abnormal levels of serotonin leads to what

Answer 35

depression

Question 36

abnormal levels of GABA leads to what

Answer 36

anxiety

Question 37

abnormal levels of serotonin and dopamine leads to what

Answer 37

ADHD

Question 38

Parkinson's disease

Answer 38

progressive CNS neurodegenerative disorder characterised by both motor and non-motor symptoms, such as tremors, muscle rigidity and problems with cognitive function

Question 39

causes of parkinsons disease

Answer 39

degeneration and loss of neurons in substantia nigra

Question 40

substantia nigra

Answer 40

located in basil ganglia (midbrain). role in control of voluntary muscle movements, coordination (balance, walking, talking, writing). produces dopamine

Question 41

role of dopamine

Answer 41

carries messages on how to control body movements

Question 42

4 key motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease

Answer 42

temor. muscle rigidity. slowness of voluntary movement (bradykinesia). postural instability, balance problems and gait (walking) disturbances

Question 43

tremor

Answer 43

continuous, involuntary shaking (trembling) of the body

Question 44

muscle rigidity

Answer 44

muscles unable to relax and are tight even at rest

Question 45

bradykinesia

Answer 45

difficulty starting new movements or stopping an ongoing movement. decrease in fine motor coordination

Question 46

postural instability, balance problems and gait (walking) disturbances

Answer 46

inability to maintain steady, upright posture or take corrective action to prevent a fall

Question 47

non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease

Answer 47

decrease or loss of sense of smell (anosmia), sweating and increased sensitivity to temperatures, fatigue. problems with cognitive function

Question 48

Parkinson's disease treatment

Answer 48

no cure. | medications can be converted into dopamine by neurons or mimic its role