3.2.3-6 models to explain learning

Question 1

classical conditioning

Answer 1

form of learning that occurs through the repeated association of two (or more) different stimuli

Question 2

classical conditioning: neural stimulus

Answer 2

impartial stimulus that causes no response

Question 3

classical conditioning: unconditioned stimulus

Answer 3

any stimulus that consistently produces a particular, naturally occurring automatic response

Question 4

classical conditioning: unconditioned response

Answer 4

response that occurs automatically when the UCS is presented

Question 5

classical conditioning: conditioned stimulus

Answer 5

stimulus that was neutral at the start of conditioning and does not normally produce an unconditioned response

Question 6

classical conditioning: conditioned response

Answer 6

learned response that is produced by the conditioned stimulus

Question 7

classical conditioning: acquisition

Answer 7

overall process during which the organism learns to associate the two events

Question 8

classical conditioning: extinction

Answer 8

gradual decrease in the strength or rate of a CR that occurs when the UCS is no longer presented.
the CR no longer follows the presentation of the CS

Question 9

classical conditioning: spontaneous recovery

Answer 9

reappearing of the CR when the CS is presented, following a rest period, after the CR appears to have been extinguished

Question 10

classical conditioning: spontaneous generalisation

Answer 10

tendency for another stimulus that is similar to the original CS to produce a response that is similar

Question 11

classical conditioning: spontaneous discrimination

Answer 11

when the person or animal responds to the CS only, but not any other stimuli that is similar to the CS

Question 12

operant conditioning

Answer 12

type of learning for which the consequences of a behaviour determine the likelihood that it will be performed again in the future

Question 13

operant

Answer 13

response that occurs and acts on the environment to produce some kind of effect

Question 14

three-phase model: antecedent

Answer 14

any stimulus that triggers an action.

what causes the behaviour?

Question 15

three-phase model: behaviour

Answer 15

observable voluntary actions by the organism.

the response by the learner

Question 16

three-phase model: consequence

Answer 16

any stimulus that makes the behaviour more likely to re-occur.
what reinforcement or punishment do they receive for their behaviour

Question 17

operant conditioning: acquisition

Answer 17

establishment of a response through reinforcement

Question 18

operant conditioning: extinction

Answer 18

gradual decrease in the strength or rate of a CR, following a consistent non-reinforcement of the response

Question 19

operant conditioning: spontaneous recovery

Answer 19

organism will once again show the response in the absence of reinforcement, after it appears the response has been extinguished

Question 20

operant conditioning: spontaneous generalisation

Answer 20

correct response is made to another stimulus that is similar to the stimulus that was present when the conditioned response was reinforced

Question 21

operant conditioning: spontaneous discrimination

Answer 21

occurs when an organism makes a correct response to a stimulus and is reinforced but doesn’t respond to any other stimulus

Question 22

reinforcement

Answer 22

applying a positive stimulus or removing a negative stimulus to strengthen the likelihood of a particular response that it follows

Question 23

positive reinforcement

Answer 23

occurs from giving or applying a positive reinforcer after the desired response has been made.
e.g. receiving gold star

Question 24

negative reinforcement

Answer 24

the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus.
increase likelihood of response happening again.
e.g. putting seatbelt to stop buzzing

Question 25

reinforcer

Answer 25

an object or event that changes the probability that an operant behaviour will occur again

Question 26

punishment

Answer 26

an unpleasant stimulus that decreases the probability of a response occurring over time. weakens the response that it follows.

Question 27

response cost / negative punishment

Answer 27

response is followed by the removal of a pleasant event

Question 28

positive punishment

Answer 28

having something unpleasant given

Question 29

factors that influence the effectiveness of reinforcement and punishment

Answer 29

order of presentation. timing. appropriateness

Question 30

factors that influence the effectiveness of reinforcement and punishment: order of presentation

Answer 30

important to present after the desired response

Question 31

factors that influence the effectiveness of reinforcement and punishment: timing

Answer 31

most effective when given immediately after

Question 32

factors that influence the effectiveness of reinforcement and punishment: appropriateness

Answer 32

reinforcer must be a pleasant or satisfying consequence. | punisher must provide a consequence that is unpleasant

Question 33

shaping

Answer 33

training a learner into or towards the target behaviour by successive approximations. e.g. toilet training, training dog

Question 34

token economies

Answer 34

simple way of providing structure form of positive reinforcement. using a visible or tangible means of encouraging the desired response. e.g. gold star

Question 35

role of learner in classical conditioning

Answer 35

passive. | responds automatically to environment

Question 36

role of learner in operant conditioning

Answer 36

active. | must be operate in the environment

Question 37

timing of stimulus and response in classical conditioning

Answer 37

reinforcer (UCS) presented before response. | timing of 2 stimulus needs to be close

Question 38

timing of stimulus and response in operant conditioning

Answer 38

reinforcer or punisher presented after response. | learning quicker is response and reinforcement close together

Question 39

nature of response in classical conditioning

Answer 39

involuntary, automatic, reflexive, relatively simple

Question 40

nature of response in operant conditioning

Answer 40

voluntary, complex

Question 41

differences between classical and operant conditioning

Answer 41

role of learner. timing of stimulus and response. nature of response

Question 42

observational learning

Answer 42

occurs when someone watches another person's actions and their consequences to guide their future actions. modelling

Question 43

observational learning: model

Answer 43

the individual eliciting the behaviour

Question 44

observational learning: learner

Answer 44

the individual observing an acquiring the behaviour

Question 45

findings from BoBo Doll

Answer 45

learning can occur through observation. learning through observation can occur but remain latent unless an appropriate incentive or reward is offered. learning to control behaviour such as aggression can be learnt through the observation of an appropriate model

Question 46

elements of observational learning: attention

Answer 46

learner pays attention in order to observe the modelled behaviour. watches

Question 47

elements of observational learning: retention

Answer 47

learner must code and store the observed information in their memory. held in their memory

Question 48

elements of observational learning: reproduction

Answer 48

learner is able, and believes they are able to perform it

Question 49

elements of observational learning: motivation - reinforcement

Answer 49

learner has a particular reason to demonstrate the behaviour such as when reward for (reinforcement). learner must be motivated to perform the behaviour

Question 50

elements of observational learning: 3 aspects to motivation

Answer 50

external reinforcement. vicarious reinforcement. self-reinforcement

Question 51

external reinforcement

Answer 51

learning by consequences. | e.g. receiving applause or payment

Question 52

vicarious reinforcement

Answer 52

observing the modelled behaviour being reinforced for other people

Question 53

self-reinforcement

Answer 53

reinforced by meeting certain standards and performances we set for ourselves

Question 54

conditioned reflexes

Answer 54

automatic response that occurs as a result of previous experience

Question 55

conditioned emotional responses

Answer 55

usually occurs when the autonomic nervous system produces a response to a stimulus that did not usually trigger that response

Question 56

aim of little albert

Answer 56

to test the notion that fears can be acquired through classical conditioning

Question 57

little albert ethical issues

Answer 57

beneficence. voluntary participation. informed consent. confidentiality

Question 58

little albert ethical issues: beneficence

Answer 58

obvious discomfort and risk of harm to him overcame the benefit from the findings

Question 59

little albert ethical issues: voluntary participation

Answer 59

too young to volunteer. | parental consent

Question 60

little albert ethical issues: informed consent

Answer 60

mother wasn't given full extent of experiment

Question 61

little albert ethical issues: confidentiality

Answer 61

findings and footage made public