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ANTH > 311 Final > Flashcards

311 Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are Kanzi’s lexigrams?

A

(the bonobo in Ape Genus), symbols that represent words

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2
Q

What are the 4 components of communication?

A

signal, motivation, meaning, function

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3
Q

Describe signal

A

-observable action
-Might be vocalizations, facial expressions, body
postures, movements, odours, etc
-Simple or complex
-Different forms of communications are often
used together to convey clear, unambiguous
messages

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4
Q

Example of signal

A

agnostic behaviour: includes aggression and

submission

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5
Q

What is the role of learning signals

A

Some signals are universal but others are required to be learned to acquire proper use (infant vervets give alarm call to both harmless and predatory birds)

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6
Q

Describe motivation

A

-Internal state of the animal
-Usually inferred from the prior and
subsequent behaviors of the actor that
accompany the signal

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7
Q

Two ways to infer meaning of signal

A

(1) Determined by the reaction of the
receiver(s)
(2) Inferred from the context of situation

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8
Q

What are 3 alarm calls for vervet

A

eagle call, leopard call, snake call

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9
Q

Describe function

A

-What is the adaptive value of the signal to
either the sender or the receiver?
-Why did the signal evolve? Once again we
have to infer why the signal may have
evolved

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10
Q

Examples of function

A
  • Alarm calls
  • Territorial scent marking
  • Courtship displays
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11
Q

Pathway for Observation and Pathway for Inferences

A

Observations:
signal->reaction->environmental context
Inferences:
motivation->meaning->function

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12
Q

What are the four modes of communication?

A

olfactory, visual, auditory/vocal, tactile

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13
Q

Describe olfactory

A
  • oldest form of communication
  • uses chemical signals or pheromones
  • most important in solitary, nocturnal primates
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14
Q

Who primarily uses olfactory

A

strepsirhines

haplorhines rely on vision (divergent trait)

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15
Q

Describe passive and active olfactory signals

A

Passive-conveys message while sender is going about everyday business
Active-more deliberation

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16
Q

What is scent marking, and its functions?

A

chemical signal dispersed into air or deposited on substrate

Functions: mark territories, aggressive/competitive encounters, advertise dominance status, sexual receptivity

17
Q

What are the three main types of visual communication?

A
  1. Facial expression
  2. Body and Tail postures
  3. Colouration
18
Q

Who is visual communication particularly important for

A

Haplorhines (tarsiers, apes, humans)

19
Q

Describe Facial Expressions

A
  • permit diverse messages
  • good for close range messages
  • many are universal
  • more limited in strepsirhines
20
Q 
Describe facial expressions for: 
fearful
playful
inviting proximity
aggressive
A

fearful-grimace
playful-invite
inviting proximity-“come-hither”
aggressive-yawn threat

21
Q

What is body & tail postures better for and give one example

A

Better for distance messages

ex. dominance

22
Q

Examples of Colouration

A
  • brightly coloured face and body

- colobines have natal coat

23
Q

Purpose of auditory/visual communication, and what are sonograms?

A

attracts receivers attention without being in view

Sonogram: visual representation of sound

24
Q

What do sonograms suggest

A

primates display great variation in vocal pitch and intensity

25
Q

Describe anatomical specializations in 3 aboreal species

A

Howlers-enlarged hyoid bone
Siamangs- air sac
Probiscis- large nose

26
Q

Tarsiers commicate via what and why?

A

Ultrasound
Why:
-
-

27
Q

What conducted playback experiments and what did they find

A

Cheney and Seyfarth
3 alarm calls
recognize individuals based on vocalizations
recognize relationships based on vocalizations
(can distinguish calls between dominants and subordinates)

28
Q

Who described referential calls in primates and what did they find

A

Drew Randall
in some cases, link btw type of call & and object + these calls have specific structure (sonograms)->suggests call=referential (like words)

29
Q

What form of communication is difficult to study and why?

A

Tactile because we cannot perceive the message the same as the receiver

30
Q

In what settings does tactile communication occur? and examples

A

Intense/intimate social interactions

mother/infant; female/male consort

31
Q

What are 3 tactile communications

A
  • grooming
  • greeting
  • reunion hugs/kisses
32
Q

Describe function of grooming

A

to maintain social bonds and reduce tension

secondary function: remove parasites

33
Q

Describe situations grooming is observed in

A
  • mothers to pacify infants
  • prelude male consort pairs
  • reinforce kinship bonds
  • reduce tension btw potential adversaries
  • reconciliation
34
Q

Describe purpose of self grooming

A

personal hygiene and appears to calm individuals in tense situations

35
Q

Who displays greeting and reunion hugs/kisses

A

chimps and spider monkeys

ANTH (3 decks)

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