ANTH 331 Final Flashcards
Define Intersex
person is born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn’t seem to fit the typical definitions of female or male (replaces term hermaphrodite)
Define Transsexual
a person who emotionally and psychologically feels that they belong to the opposite sex (sex assigned at birth does not match gender identity)
used to refer to people who undergo surgery
Define Transgender
denoting or relating to a person whose self-identity does not conform unambiguously to conventional notions of male or female gender
Define Crossdresser and out-dated offensive term?
To dress in clothing characteristic of the opposite sex. Transvestite
Define Cisgender
person whose self-identity conforms with gender that corresponds to their biological sex
What is the ‘Standard 3-part Alignment’
1) Genetic/sex chromosomes {XY/XX}
2) Gonad (internal) {testes/overies}
3) External genitalia {penis, scrotum/vagina, labia}
What is Rare ‘Gonadal Intersex”
1) Chromosomes: might have XX or XY chromosomes
2) Gonads: person has both ovarian & testicular tissue; might be in the same gonad (ovo-testis) or the person might have one ovary and one testis
3) Genitalia: may be ambiguous or may appear to be female or male
What is the more common Intersex Condition
match at chromosomal & gonadal level but don’t match with external genitalia
ex.:
XX (genetic female)+ovaries but male genitalia CONGENITAL ADERNAL HYERPLASIA
XY (genetic male)+testes but female genitalia ANDROGEN INSENSITIVITY SYNDROME
How common are Intersex conditions?
1.7 of all live births
What is Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome and 1 example
Maria Patina
failed sex test
XY + testes but female external genitalia
Testes made testosterone but body didn’t respond (responded to estrogen)
What are androgens
male hormones, primarily testestrone
Describe complete AIS
breast development, no menstruation, appearance is female, no pubic/underarm hair
What are the 2 forms of AIS
Complete and Partial (external genitalia may lie anywhere along the spectrum from male to female but internally male sex organs)
Describe defenders and opponents of genital ‘normalizing’ surgeries
defenders: many doctors and parents
1. John Money’s ‘Nurture Theory’: gender result of how you are raised, regardless of biological sex or any internal subjective experience of yourself
2. worry about children living w/ genitalia that falls outside of what our society considers the norm
opponents: intersex associations
What is Gender Dysphoria
board term used to describe phenomena such as extreme dislike of ones body; incongruity between genital anatomy(sex) and gender identity
What is Body Dysphoria
body image disorder characterized by persistent and intrusive preoccupations with an imagined or slight defect in ones appearance, recognized as anxiety disorder
Define Gender Identity
your subjective experience of being masculine, feminine, or ambivalent
Does identifying as a transsexual tell us anything about someones sexual orientation?
No
What is the difference between transgender and transsexual
both refer to someone whose biological sex assigned at birth does not match their gender identity
Transgender: gender identity goes beyond/not limited to being one gender or the other
It is an inclusive term for ppl who do not consider themselves limited to choice
Transgender may not want to surgically change and conform
What is Drag?
special type of performance art involving dressing as the opposite sex
What did Argentina do regarding Gender?
passed ‘gender-identity’ law granting ppl right to change legal and physical gender identity w/out having to undergo judicial psychiatric or medical procedures
What did Australia do regarding Gender?
offered 3rd ‘X’ gender on passports
What did Canada do regarding Gender?
Bill C-279: proposal to amend CDN Human Rights Act and Criminal Code by adding gender identity & gender expression to list of prohibited grounds for discrimination
What did Alberta do regarding Gender?
reinstated funding for gender-confirming surgeries, up-to 25 ppl a year, total annual cost of $1M and 12 yo boy changed sex on birth certificate without surgery
What is Nov 20th?
Transgender Day of Remembrance in memory of Rita Hester, vigil commemorate all transgender ppl lost to violence
Describe the Hijra
sex: male, sometimes intersex
gender: not man or woman, 3rd gender
affiliations with Hijra lineages and house
some undergo surgery
proclaimed absence of sexual desire
feminine dress and practice
religion: deities ambiguous or undergo sex transformations or have dual sex representations (Arjun)
Describe Two-Spirited
wide range of mixed gender roles
replaces historical term ‘Berdache’
How many Two-Spirited Male Gender Roles? And Female Gender Roles?
110-150 societies Male and 35-75 Female
Describe Woman-Man
biological male, not identifies as man or woman but alternate gender, engages in woman’s work, cross dressing, no sex reassignment, doesn’t tell about sexual orientation but relationships with men more common
Describe Man-Woman
biological female, identifies as alternate gender, engages in men’s work, cross-dressing, no sex reassignment, relationships with woman more common but does not tell about sexual orientation
desire for independence?
Describe Albanian Sworn Virgins
‘Muskobanja’, vow of celibacy, no sex reassignment
Describe Bacha Posh
Parents dress girl child like boy in Afghanistan, most cases end at puberty
Define Patriarchy
society in which a few men have power over the rest of the population(rest of male population and female population)
Define Egalitarian
rights, privileges (constraints and degrees of personal autonomy of both sexes are largely congruent throughout life course, even tho they are not perfectly symmetrical (society that tends toward equality)
What was The World Banks report titled?
…“Gender Equality is Smart Economics”
