3.1.2

Question 1

single circulatory

Answer 1

flows through heart once per circuit

Question 2

double circulatory

Answer 2

flows through heart twice per circuit

Question 3

closed circulatory

Answer 3

blood enclosed in vessels, faster as more pressure and can be still

Question 4

open circulatory

Answer 4

cells bathed in fluid (haemolymph), relies on movement or muscle, directionless/ flow cant be directed

Question 5

systemic vs pulmonary

Answer 5

pulmonary is shorter (lung and back) and slower (for diffusion) deoxy to oxy while systemic is oxy to deoxy (body and back)

Question 6

how do fish survive with single

Answer 6

countercurrent
ectotherm (no thermoregulation)
water supports body weight

Question 7

blood vessels

Answer 7

artery -> arteriole -> capillary -> veniole -> vein

Question 8

blood composition (large)

Answer 8

plasma proteins
platelets
lymphocytes
erythrocytes

Question 9

platelets & clotting

Answer 9

megakaryocyte fragments become sticky at wound sites, attracting other and turning fibrinogen into fibrin to help form scab. rbc mesh and collagen to rebuild. chemical cascade

Question 10

blood composition (small)

Answer 10

glucose
O2
CO2
urea
a.a.
hormones
other bits and bobs?

Question 11

how is tissue fluid formed

Answer 11

high hydrostatic pressure at arteriole end forces fluid out fenestrations (close to heart)

Question 12

how does tissue fluid move back into blood

Answer 12

oncotic pressure pulls fluid back in & lower hydrostatic pressure as less volume

Question 13

hydrostatic pressure

Answer 13

pressure exerted by all fluids

Question 14

oncotic pressure

Answer 14

pressure exerted by plasma proteins

Question 15

lymph formation

Answer 15

some tissue fluid is brought back by one way lymph vessels
also part of immune response

Question 16

atrial systole

Answer 16

atria contract, AV valve open and blood flows into ventricles as higher pressure, semilunar closed

Question 17

ventricular systole

Answer 17

ventricles contract, semilunar open and blood pumped out arteries as higher pressure, AV closed

Question 18

heart muscle

Answer 18

smooth muscle & myocardial muscle

Question 19

diastole

Answer 19

both relax, blood into all chambers as AV open, semilunar closed

Question 20

myogenic definition

Answer 20

no external stimuli needed, beats on its own, internal rhythm

Question 21

wiggers graph

Answer 21

semilunar: O C
atrioventricular: C O

Question 22

electrical stimulation in the heart

Answer 22

SAN to AVN, delay then bundle of His (purkyne) down septum to apex then up

Question 23

ventricle stimulation

Answer 23

bundle of His (purkyne) down septum then up from apex so blood pumped up & out arteries

Question 24

SAN

Answer 24

sinoatrial node

Question 25

AVN

Answer 25

atrioventricular node

Question 26

delay between chambers?

Answer 26

AVN slows down, allow blood to flow fully

Question 27

what is an ECG

Answer 27

electrocardiogram, records electric signals from heartbeat, from stimulated electrodes

Question 28

ECG points

Answer 28

P - atrial systole QRS complex - ventricular systole T - diastole

Question 29

bradycardia

Answer 29

slow heartrate, <60, normal when fit or needing artificial pacemaker

Question 30

tachycardia

Answer 30

fast heartrate, >100, normal when exercising or ill or in need of medication

Question 31

ectopic heartbeat

Answer 31

extra beats out of rhythm, not atypical unless frequent

Question 32

atrial fibrillation

Answer 32

abnormal rhythm, many P but not so many QRS

Question 33

cardiac output

Answer 33

heart rate x stroke volume volume pumped in minute (e.g)

Question 34

oxyhaemoglobin binding

Answer 34

binds in high pO2 (loading, lung) Fe2+ & cooperatively disassociates in low pO2 (respiring tissues)

Question 35

haemoglobin affinity

Answer 35

depends on partial pressure of said gas (concentration)

Question 36

oxygen disassociation graph

Answer 36

sigmoidal, pO2 against haem saturation

Question 37

why is foetal haemoglobin different

Answer 37

low pO2 in placenta so adult O2 disassociates and then binds to foetal (higher affinity) so foetus gets enough O2

Question 38

why does foetal haemoglobin decrease after birth

Answer 38

higher affinity also means harder to disassociate no difference for future mums takes abt 6 weeks

Question 39

cooperative bonding

Answer 39

each marginal molecule is easier to bind as different tertiary shape

Question 40

partial pressure

Answer 40

pressure exerted by a gas in a mixture, changes with concentration

Question 41

how does environment change pO2

Answer 41

altitude, mud/ sand and underwater have lower so haem must have higher affinity to cope

Question 42

ways CO2 is transported

Answer 42

75-85 by HCO3 in RBC 10-20 by binding to form carbaminohaemoglobin 5 by dissolving in plasma

Question 43

Bohr Shift equations

Answer 43

CO2 + H20 = H2CO3 H2COS = H+ + HCO3-

Question 44

Bohr Shift relationship

Answer 44

CO2 releases O2 from rbcs, they are inversely related

Question 45

Bohr Shift enzyme

Answer 45

carbonic anhydrase

Question 46

Chloride Shift

Answer 46

Cl- moves in to balance loss of HCO3- in rbc from Bohr

Question 47

Bohr Shift overview

Answer 47

CO2 to HCO3- and H+ HCO3- moves out, Cl- in H+ makes O2 release

Question 48

how does Bohr Shift change around the body

Answer 48

different pCO2 & other gases so different affinities (e.g. respiring tissues and lungs)