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Microbiology > Micro Exam 3a > Flashcards

Micro Exam 3a Flashcards

1
Q

portals of entry

A
  • mucous membranes
  • skin
  • parenteral route
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2
Q

adhesion

A

surface structure or macromolecule that binds a bacterium to specific surface

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3
Q

lectin

A

any protein that binds to a carbohydrate

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4
Q

ligand

A

surface molecule that exhibits specific binding to a receptor molecule on another surface

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5
Q

fimbriae

A

filamentous proteins on surface of bacterial cells that may behave as adhesions for specific adherence

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6
Q

glycocalyx

A

layer of fibers on the surface of bacterial cells which may be involved in adherence to surfaces

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7
Q

capsule

A

detectable layer of polysaccharide on surface of bacterial cell which may mediate specific or nonspecific attachment

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8
Q

lipopolysaccharide

A

distinct cell wall component of the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria with potential structural diversity to mediate adherence

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9
Q

nonspecific adherence

A

reversible attachment of bacterium to eukaryotic surface

  • hydrophobic interactions
  • electrostatic interactions
  • brownian movement
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10
Q

specific adherence

A

irreversible permanent attachment of microorganism to surface
- lock-and-key bonds

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11
Q

ID50

A

infectious dose for 50% of the test population

  • skin: 10-50 endospores
  • inhalation: 10000-20000 endospores
  • ingestion: 250000-1000000 endospores
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12
Q

LD50

A

lethal dose of a toxin for 50% of test population

  • botulinum: 0.03 ng/kg
  • staphylococcal enterotoxin: 1350 ng/kg
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13
Q

capsule

A
  • prevents phagocytosis

- components: M protein, Opa protein and mycolic acid

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14
Q

M protein

A

resists phagocytosis

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15
Q

Opa protein

A

inhibits T helper cells

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16
Q

mycolic acid

A

waxy lipid, resists digestion

17
Q

coagulase

A

coagulates fibrinogen in blood

18
Q

kinases

A

digest fibrin clots that are formed by body to isolate infection

19
Q

hyaluronidase

A

hydrolyzes hyaluronic acid, polysaccharide that holds certain cells together particularly connective tissue

20
Q

collagenase

A

hydrolyzes collagen, making up connective tissue

21
Q

IgA proteases

A

destroy IgA antibodies that are particularly important in first immune response

22
Q

antigenic variation

A

alteration of surface proteins in order to evade immune response

23
Q

what does disease occur?

A
  • weakened host

- increased virulence

24
Q

how do bacteria penetrate host cell cytoskeleton?

A
  • invasion, by altering structure of host cell

- using actin to move from one cell to the next

25
Q

effector molecules

A

secrete proteins into host cell in order to change things before the bacteria enters

26
Q

how does bacteria damage host cell? (4)

A
  • uses hosts nutrients
  • causes direct damage in immediate vicinity of invasion
  • produces toxins, transported by blood and lymph, that damage sites far removed from original site of invasion
  • induce hypersensitivity reactions
27
Q

siderophores

A

mechanism used by bacteria to take in iron, host cell and pathogen compete for it.

  • can be salvaged by secreted siderophores
  • taken in as complex with the siderophore or released from siderophore prior to entry
28
Q

toxin

A

poisonous substance that contributes to pathogenicity

29
Q

toxigenicity

A

ability to produce a toxin

30
Q

toxemia

A

presence of toxin in host’s blood

31
Q

toxoid

A

inactivated toxin used in a vaccine

32
Q

antitoxin

A

antibodies against specific toxin

33
Q

exotoxins

A
  • come from gram (-) or gram(+)
  • genes carried on bacterial plasmid or phage
  • secreted into surrounding after metabolism
34
Q

endotoxin

A
  • part of outer portion of cell wall of gram(-)
  • ex: lipid A
  • produce same symptoms from stimulating cytokine production
  • endotoxic shock
35
Q

types of exotoxins

A
  • A-B toxins(Cholera)
  • membrane-disrupting toxins (pore-formers)
  • superantigens
36
Q

superantigens

A
  • very intense T-cell immune response (cytokine)

- cause food poisoning or toxic shock syndrome

37
Q

process used by endotoxin

A
  • macrophage ingests gram-negative bacterium
  • bacterium degraded in vacuole, releasing endotoxins that induce production of cytokines
  • cytokines released into the bloodstream by macrophages, through which they travel to hypothalamus
  • cytokines induce hypothalamus to produce prostaglandins which reset body’s temp giving fever
38
Q

pathogenic properties of helminths

A
  • use host tissue
  • presence of parasite interferes with host function
  • parasites metabolic waste can cause symptoms
39
Q

portals of exit

A
  • respiratory tract, coughing and sneezing
  • gastrointestinal tract, feces and saliva
  • genitourinary tract, urine and vaginal secretions
  • skin
  • blood, biting arthropods and needles or syringes

Microbiology (16 decks)

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