Micro Exam 3b

Question 1

susceptibility

Answer 1

lack of resistance to disease

Question 2

immunity

Answer 2

ability to ward off disease

Question 3

innate immunity

Answer 3

defenses against any pathogen

• present at birth
• provides rapid response
• doesn’t involve recognition of microbe
• no memory

Question 4

adaptive immunity

Answer 4

immune reaction, resistance to specific pathogen once it has breached innate immunity

Question 5

toll-like receptors

Answer 5

attach to pathogen-associated molecular patterns

- induce cytokines that regulate the intensity and duration of immune response

Question 6

cytokines

Answer 6

recruit macrophages and dendritic cells to isolate and destroy microbes as part of inflammatory response

Question 7

first line of defense

Answer 7

• physical
• chemical
• normal microbiota and innate immunity

Question 8

second line of defense

Answer 8

• formed elements in blood
• lymphatic system
• phagocytes
• inflammation
• fever
• antimicrobial substances

Question 9

physical factors

Answer 9

• skin
• mucous membranes
• mucus, prevents drying out and traps microbes
• ciliary elevator, transport away from lungs
• saliva
• urine
• vaginal secretions

Question 10

chemical factors

Answer 10

• fungistatic fatty acid in sebum
• low pH of skin and vaginal secretions
• lysozyme in perspiration, tears, saliva and urine
• low pH of gastric juice

Question 11

third line of defense

Answer 11

• specialized lymphocytes (T cells and B cells)

- antibodies

Question 12

three main elements of blood

Answer 12

• erythrocytes
• leukocytes
• platelets

Question 13

types of leukocytes

Answer 13

• granulocytes

- agranulocytes

Question 14

types of granulocytes

Answer 14

• neutrophils
• basophils
• eosinophils

Question 15

neutrophils

Answer 15

phagocytize bacteria, 60-70%

Question 16

basophils

Answer 16

secrete histamine, 0.5-1%

Question 17

eosinophils

Answer 17

leave the blood to kill parasites, 2-4%

Question 18

types of agranulocytes

Answer 18

• monocytes
• dendritic cells
• lymphocytes

Question 19

types of lymphocytes

Answer 19

• natural killer cells
• T-cells
• B-cells
  20-25%

Question 20

monocytes

Answer 20

phagocytize after maturation to macrophages, 3-8%

Question 21

dendritic cells

Answer 21

phagocytize and are derived from monocytes

Question 22

natural killer cells

Answer 22

destroy target cells

Question 23

T cells

Answer 23

cell-mediated immunity

Question 24

B cells

Answer 24

produce antibodies

Question 25

leukocytosis

Answer 25

during infection when white blood cell count increases

Question 26

leukopenia

Answer 26

during infection in which white blood cell count decreases

Question 27

steps of phagocytosis

Answer 27

• chemotaxis and adherence to phagocyte
• ingestion of microbe by phagocyte
• formation of phagosome
• fusion of phagosome with lysosome to form a phagolysosome
• digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes
• formation of residual body containing indigestible material
• discharge of waster materials

Question 28

inflammation

Answer 28

caused by microbial infection, physical agents and chemical agents

• redness
• swelling
• pain
• heat

Question 29

secretion of histamine and kinins

Answer 29

vasodilation, increased permeability of blood vessels

Question 30

secretion of prostaglandins

Answer 30

intensify histamine and kinin effect

Question 31

leukotrienes

Answer 31

increased permeability of blood vessels, phagocytic attachment

Question 32

stages of inflammation

Answer 32

• vasodilation
• phagocyte migration and phagocytosis
• tissue repair

Question 33

vasodilation

Answer 33

dilation of blood vessels to increase blood flow to site of damage

Question 34

how is a fever fixed?

Answer 34

by vasodilation and sweating

- caused by release of prostaglandins

Question 35

complement system

Answer 35

defense system of over 30 proteins produced by liver and found circulating in blood serum, serum proteins activated in cascade

Question 36

types of complement systems

Answer 36

• classical pathway
• alternative pathway
• lectin pathway

Question 37

How does the complement system destroy microbes?

Answer 37

• cytolysis (membrane attack complex)
• inflammation
• phagocytosis

Question 38

How do some bacteria evade the complement system?

Answer 38

• capsules prevent C activation
• surface lipid-carbohydrates prevent membrane attack complex formation
• evades phagocytosis