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Physiology 1 > Lecture 1&2 > Flashcards

Lecture 1&2 Flashcards

0
Q

Length change at a steady force is define as:

A

Isotonic force

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1
Q

Force generated without change in length

A

Isometric force

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2
Q

What is a concentric contraction?

What is an eccentric contraction?

A

Concentric - Tension during a shortening motion

Eccentric - Tension during a lengthening motion

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3
Q

What are muscles surrounded in?

A

Epimysium (elastin and collagen)

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4
Q

What are the basic structures of a muscle?

A

Muscle
Fasiculus
Fiber
Myofibril

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5
Q

Bundles of muscle fibres and is surrounded by blood vessel and nerve rich perimysium

A

Fasiculus

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6
Q

Also called muscle cell and is surrounded by endomysiuim

A

Muscle Fibre

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7
Q

what is in the I band?

A

Actin only

It’s the light band

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8
Q

What is in the A band?

A

Actin and myosin

It’s the dark band

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9
Q

What is in the H band?

A

Myosin only

It’s next to the M line

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10
Q

Where are the T-tubules located?

A

They run along the junction of A-I bands

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11
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is rich in ___________.

A

Calcium

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12
Q

Where is the calcium release site on the SR?

A

The terminal cisternae (near T-tubules)

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13
Q

What regulates the interactions between myosin heads and the actin filaments?

A

The troponin-tropomyosin complex

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14
Q

How does an action potential affect DHPR and RYR

A

An action potential in the T-tubules cause a conformational change in the DHPR and this shape change opens RYR, causing a release of calcium

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15
Q

How does SERCA cause relaxation of muscles?

A

It pumps calcium back into the SR

16
Q

What is passive tension?
What is active tension?
What is total tension?

A
  • Resistance to stretch of a muscle at rest
  • New tension that is developed when a muscle is stimulated
  • Passive + Active
17
Q

What is the optimal length of sarcomeres to develop active tension?
Why?

A

2.0-2.2 micrometers.

Because there is full overlap of the action and myosin fibers

18
Q

How is active force affected when a muscle is stretched?

A

Active force increases as the muscle approached Lo, but decreases when it is stretched further than that
When muscle are stretched to much, the myosin head can’t reach the actin filaments

19
Q

What is maximum shortening velocity? Vo

A

velocity of contraction in the absence of a load

20
Q

What is maximum isometric tension? Po

A

Load at which a stimulated muscle no longer shortens

i.e. shortening velocity = 0

21
Q

What kind of muscle is a type I muscle?

Type II?

A

slow-twitch

fast-twitch

22
Q

Describe some things about fast fibers

A
  • high glycotic activity/ low oxidative activity
  • low amount of mitochondria
  • more extensive SR
  • large diameter…low excitability and very fast conduction velocity
23
Q

Describe slow fibers

A
  • low glycolytic activity/ high oxidative activity
  • lots of mitochondria
  • lots of capillaries
  • less extensive SR
  • small diameter…high excitability and high conduction velocity
24
Q

What causes muscle fatigue?

A
  • depletions of glycogen and CP (not ATP)
  • lactic acid increases, pH decreases (6.2)
  • low pH inhibits Ca-TnC binding, no acto-myosin interaction
  • Pi accumulates and inhibits calcium release
25
Q

What is the modulation force of contraction?

How does it work?

A

its how the muscles regulate themselves to lift different weights the same way

slow fibres are recruited first (few fibres, resistance to fatique, fine motor control with light loads) then fast fibres as the need for more force is required.

26
Q

These structures run parallel to muscles fibres and detect stretch and contraction speed of the muscle.

A

muscle spindles or intrafusal fibres

27
Q

describe single unit (phasic) smooth muscles

A
  • they contract together

- have gaps junctions for free flow of ions and APs

28
Q

Describe multiunit (tonic) smooth muscles

A
  • operate independently of eachother
  • very little cell to cell communication
  • each cell is innervated by a nerve ending
  • normally contracted, cells modulate tone

Physiology 1 (4 decks)

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