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Physiology 1 > Blood & Immunology > Flashcards

Blood & Immunology Flashcards

0
Q

why do babies have a higher hematocrit percentage?

A

They are still growing and need the extra O2 transport to their tissues

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1
Q

What is hematocrit?

A
  • the number of erythrocytes in blood expressed as a percentage of total blood volume
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2
Q

Why do men have a higher hematocrit percentage than women?

A

Because they have a higher muscle mass content and muscle require O2.

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3
Q

What are the functions of plasma?

A
  • carry and distribute various molecules around the body
  • transport proteins
  • absorb and distribute heat
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4
Q

What are the functions of plasma proteins?

A
  • maintain osmotic pressure
  • act as buffers to maintain blood pH
  • transport water insoluble compounds
  • blood clotting factors
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5
Q

What are the 3 plasma proteins?

Which is the most abundant?

A
  1. Albumin
    - most abundant
    - colloid osmotic pressure
  2. Globulins
    - immunity, clotting factor
  3. Fibrinogens
    - key clotting factor
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6
Q

Why is it beneficial for RBC’s to have a flexible membrane?

A

Can squeeze through small capillaries without bursting

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7
Q

RBC’s have glycolytic enzymes and carbonic anhydrase. What are their functions?

A

G - energy from ATP

CA - to convert CO2 to bicarbonate

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8
Q

What is erythropoiesis and where does it occur?

A
  • the production of RBCs

- bone marrow

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9
Q

How is erythropoiesis initiated?

A
  1. kidneys detect reduced O2-carrying capacity of the blood
  2. when less O2 is delivered to the kidneys they secrete the hormone erythropoietin into the blood
  3. erythropoietin stimulates erythropoiesis by the bone marrow
  4. the addition circulation erythrocytes increase the o2 carrying capacity of the blood
  5. the increased o2 carrying capacity relievers the initial stimulus that triggered erythropoietin secretion
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10
Q

What causes anemia?

A

A below-normal O2 carrying capacity of the blood

Low hematocrit

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11
Q

What is primary polycythemia?

Secondary?

A

Primary

  • caused by tumor in bone marrow
  • increased erythropoiesis
  • increased blood viscosity
  • high BP, low O2 delivery

Secondary

  • adaptive process to increase the O2 carrying capacity
  • usually in people living in high altitudes
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12
Q

How does dehydration cause increased hematocrit levels?

A

Erythrocyte levels stay the same, but the water decreases from the total blood volume. Thus, the hematocrit percentage is larger

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13
Q

What do platelets do?

A

They seal breaks in blood vessels

They form the hemostatic plug

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14
Q

What does the release of ADP do to platelets?

What stabilizes the hemostatic plug?

A
  • makes them “sticky” and other platelets will adhere to eachother
  • fibrin stabilizes the plug
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15
Q

What is the purpose of hemostasis?

What are its 3 steps?

A
  • purpose is to reduce blood loss from a broken vessel
  1. vascular spasm
    - vasoconstriction
  2. formation of platelet plug
  3. blood coagulation
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16
Q 
What does fibrinogen do for a clot?
Thrombin?
Factor XIII?
Factor X?
Platelet factor 3?
A
  • precursor to fibrin, protein meshwork of clot
  • converts fibrinogen to fibrin
  • stabilizes fibrin, creates xlink fibrin molecules (mesh)
  • activates thrombin from prothrombin
  • stimulates clotting cascade, released from platelets
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17
Q

What kind of clotting pathway is activated by Hageman factor (factor XII)?
How?

A
  • It’s the intrinsic clotting pathway

- Hageman factor is activated when it comes into contact with exposed collagen from an injured vessel/foreign surface

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18
Q

How does the extrinsic clotting pathway work?

A
  • only 4 steps

- thromboplastin released from injured tissue and directly activates factor X (prothrombin to thrombin)

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19
Q

How does clot dissolution happen?

A
  • when the tissue heals, plasminogen is converted to plasmin by action of factor XII (Hageman)
  • plasmin slowly dissolved clot
  • fibrin is produced by healed tissue, dissolved by tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
20
Q

What do neutrophils do?

A
  • phagocytic specialists
  • cast NETs with bacteria killing chemicals
  • first defenders on bacterial invasion
  • inflammatory response
  • clean up debris
21
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A
  • allergic reactions

- parasites

22
Q

What do basophils do?

A
  • least numerous and least understood

- synthesize and store histamine and heparin

23
Q

What do monocytes do?

A
  • emerge from bone marrow

- mature and enlarge in target tissue and becomes a macrophage

24
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A
  • they provide immune defense
  • B-lymphocytes produce antibodies
  • T-lymphocytes directly destroy targeted cells (cells with viruses/cancer cells) by punching holes in them with chemicals
25
Q

what causes infectious mononucleosis?

A

elevated circulating leukocytes

26
Q

What causes leukemia?

A

uncontrolled proliferation of leukocytes

27
Q

What causes immunosuppression?

A

The reduction of the bone marrow’s ability to produce leukocytes

28
Q

What are primary/central lymphoid organs?

examples?

A

Site of lymphocytes generation

Thalamus, bone marrow

29
Q

What are secondary/peripheral lymphoid organs?

examples?

A

Sites where adaptive immunity responses are initiated
Where lymphocytes are maintained
lymph nodes, spleen

30
Q

What are the 4 pathogens?

A

Fungi
Virus
Bacteria
Parasite

31
Q

What does diversity mean in the immune system?

Redundancy?

A

It’s when one response can be converted into multiple effective types

Having multiple back-ups

32
Q

Is the main inflammatory response brought on by innate or adaptive immunity?

A

Innate

33
Q

In innate, what are pattern recognizing receptors called?

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs…30 of them)

34
Q

What do helper T cells do?

Cytotoxic T cells?

A

Help kill bacteria and parasites…CD4
Help B-cells make Ab classes (the Ig’s)

Help kill tumor and viral cells…CD8

35
Q

What are the functions of Ab’s?

A
  • enhanced elimination
  • neutralization
  • complement fixation/lysis
36
Q

What do B cells do?

A

They produce Ab’s

They also are what causes memory

37
Q

What happens when an Ag binds with a membrane bound B cell receptor?

A

The binding triggers division, differentiation and production of Ab’s

38
Q

What are secondary responses associated with in the immune system?

A

Memory and IgG

39
Q

Why is opsonization important?

A

Ab-coated particles are easier for phagocytes to injest

40
Q

How do you tell different antibodies/cells apart?

A
  1. physical appearance

2. cluster of differentiation (CD)

41
Q

Where is CD3 found?
CD19 and 20?
CD56?

A

All T cells
B cells
NK cells

42
Q

What are the major aims of inflammation?

A

dilute
destroy
isolate
initiate repair

43
Q

What are the characteristics of inflammation?

A 
reddness 
heat
swelling
pain 
loss of function
44
Q

What causes chronic inflammation?

A

resistant and persistent infection
exposure to irritant
autoimmune disease

45
Q

What are the characteristics of chronic inflammation?

A
  • lymphocyte, macrophage and plasma cell infiltration
  • tissue destruction
  • fibrosis and angiogenesis
46
Q

What do vaccines mimic?

A

An actively acquired immunity

47
Q

What does exposed collagen in the bloodstream do?

A

causes a cascade of reactions for clotting

activates factor XII (Hageman)

Physiology 1 (4 decks)

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