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Psyc. 107 > Ch. 8 > Flashcards

Ch. 8 Flashcards

0
Q

The view that certain human behaviors are innate and due to evolutionary programming

A

Instinct theories

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1
Q

The biological, emotional, cognitive, or social forces that activate and direct behavior

A

Motivation

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2
Q

The view that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs

A

Drive theories

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3
Q

The idea that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplies, at relatively constant levels; in general, the tendency to reach or maintain equilibrium

A

Homeostasis

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4
Q

A need or internal motivational state that activates behavior to reduce the need and restore homeostasis

A

Drive

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5
Q

The view that behavior is motivated by the pool of external goals, such as rewards

A

Incentive theories

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6
Q

The view that people are motivated to maintain a level of arousal that is optimal – neither too high or too low

A

Arousal theory

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7
Q

The degree to which an individual is motivated to experience high levels of sensory and physical arousal associated with varied and novel activities

A

Sensation seeking

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8
Q

The view that emphasizes the importance of psychological and cognitive factors and motivation, especially the notion that people are motivated to realize their personal potential

A

Humanistic theories of motivation

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9
Q

Simple sugar that provides energy and is primarily produced by the conversion of carbohydrates and fat; commonly called blood sugar

A

Glucose

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10
Q

Hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood levels of glucose and signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior

A

Insulin

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11
Q

When the body is at rest, the rate at which it uses energy for vital functions, such as heartbeat and respiration

A

Basal metabolic rates

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12
Q

Body fat that is the main source of stored, or reserve, energy

A

Adipose tissue

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13
Q

The long term matching of food intake to energy expenditure

A

Energy homeostasis

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14
Q

Hormone manufactured primarily by the stomach that stimulates appetite and the secretion of growth hormone by the pituitary gland

A

Ghrelin

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15
Q

In eating behavior, the anticipated pleasure of consuming a particular food; in general, the expectation of pleasure or satisfaction in performing a particular behavior

A

Positive incentive value

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16
Q

In eating behavior, the feeling of fullness and diminished desire to eat that accompanies eating a meal; in general, the sensation of having an appetite or desire fully or excessively satisfied

A

Satiation

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17
Q

Hormone secreted primarily by the small intestine that promotes satiation; also found in the brain

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

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18
Q

The reduced desire to continue consuming a particular food

A

Sensory – specific satiety

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19
Q

Hormone produced by fat cells that signals the hypothalamus, regulating hunger and eating behavior

A

Leptin

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20
Q

Neurotransmitter found in several brain areas, most notably the hypothalamus, that stimulates eating behavior and reduces metabolism, promoting positive energy balance and weight gain

A

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

21
Q

Theory that proposes that humans and other animals have a natural or optimal bodyweight, called the set point weight that the body defends from becoming higher or lower by regulating feelings of hunger and body metabolism

A

Set-point theory

22
Q

Gen. model of weight regulation suggesting that bodyweight settles, or stabilizes, around the point at which there is balance between the factors influencing energy intake and energy expenditure

A

Settling point models of weight regulation

23
Q

A numerical scale indicating adult height in relation to weight

A

BMI

24
Q

Condition characterized by excessive body fat and a body mass index equal to or greater than 30

A

Obese

25
Q

The tendency to eat more when A wide variety of palatable foods is available

A

Cafeteria diet effect

26
Q

A condition in which higher than normal blood levels of the hormone leptin do not produce the expected physiological response

A

Leptin resistance

27
Q

Repeated cycles of dieting, weight loss, and weight regain; also called yo-yo dieting

A

Weight cycling

28
Q

Maslows hierarchial division of motivation into levels that progress from basic physical needs to psychological needs to self-fulfillment needs

A

Hierarchy of needs

29
Q

List the hierarchy of needs from bottom to top

A

Physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, self actualization

30
Q

Defined by Maslow as a person’s full use and exploitation of talents capacities and potentialities

A

Self actualization

31
Q

Edward deci and Richard Ryan’s theory that optimal human functioning can occur only if the psychological need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness are satisfied

A

Self-determination theory or SDT

32
Q

The desire to engage in tasks that are inherently satisfying and enjoyable, novel, or optimally challenging; desire to do something for the own sake

A

Intrinsic motivation

33
Q

External factors or influences on behavior, such as rewards, consequences, or social expectations

A

Extrinsic motivation

34
Q

The desire to direct your behavior toward demonstrating competence and exercising control in a situation

A

Competence motivation

35
Q

The desire to direct your behavior towards excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at some task

A

achievement motivation

36
Q

A projective test developed by Henry Murray and his colleagues that involves creating stories about ambiguous scenes that can be interpreted in a variety of ways

A

Thematic apperception test (TAT)

37
Q

A complex psychological state that involves a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive

A

Emotion

38
Q

The capacity to understand and manage your own emotional experiences and to perceive, comprehend, and respond appropriately to the emotional responses of others

A

Emotional intelligence

39
Q

The most fundamental set of emotion categories, which are biologically innate, evolutionarily determined, and cultural universal

A

Basic emotions

40
Q

What are the basic emotions

A

Fear, surprise, anger, disgust, happiness, sadness

41
Q

Emotion dimension reflecting the degree to which emotions involve a relationship with another person or other people

A

Interpersonal engagement

42
Q

Almond shaped cluster of neurons in the brains temporal lobe involved in memory and emotional responses, especially fear

A

Amygdala

43
Q

The attribution of human traits, motives, emotions, or behaviors to nonhuman animals or inanimate objects

A

Anthropomorphism

44
Q

Social and cultural regulations governing emotional expression, especially facial expressions

A

Display rules

45
Q

The theory that emotions arise from the perceptions of body changes

A

James-Lange theory of emotion

46
Q

The view that expressing a specific emotion, especially facially, causes the subjective experience of that emotion

A

Facial feedback hypothesis

47
Q

Schechter and Singer’s Theory that emotion is the interaction of physiological arousal and the cognitive label that we apply to explain the arousal

A

Two-factor theory of emotion

48
Q

The theory that emotional responses are triggered by cognitive evaluation

A

Cognitive appraisal theory of emotion

49
Q

The degree to which a person is convinced of his or her ability to effectively meet the demands of a particular situation

A

Self efficacy

Psyc. 107 (6 decks)

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