Ch. 12

Question 0

An individual’s unique sense of identity that has been influenced by social, cultural, and psychological experiences; your sense of who you are in relation to other people

Answer 0

sense of self

Question 1

Branch of psychology that studies how a person’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence of other people and by the social and physical environment

Answer 1

Social psychology

Question 2

The mental processes people use to make sense of their social environments

Answer 2

Social cognition

Question 3

The effects of situational factors and other people on an individual’s behavior

Answer 3

Social influence

Question 4

The mental processes we used to form judgments and draw conclusions about the characteristics and motives of other people

Answer 4

Person perception

Question 5

The rules, or expectations, for appropriate behavior in a particular social situation

Answer 5

Social norms

Question 6

The mental process of categorizing people into groups or social categories on the basis of their shared characteristics

Answer 6

Social categorization

Question 7

Deliberate, conscious mental processes involved in perceptions, judgments, decisions, and reasoning

Answer 7

Explicit cognition

Question 8

Automatic, non-conscious mental processes that influence perceptions, judgments, decisions, and reasoning

Answer 8

Implicit cognition

Question 9

A network of assumptions or beliefs about the relationships among various types of people, traits, and behaviors

Answer 9

Implicit personality theory

Question 10

The mental processes of inferring the causes of people’s behavior, including one’s own. Also refers to the explanation made for a particular behavior

Answer 10

Attribution

Question 11

The tendency to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors; an attributional bias that is common in individualistic cultures

Answer 11

Fundamental attribution error

Question 12

The tendency to blame an innocent victim of misfortune for having somehow cause a problem or for not having taken steps to avoid or prevent it

Answer 12

Blaming the victim

Question 13

The tendency to overestimate one’s ability to have first scene or predict the outcome of an event

Answer 13

Hindsight bias

Question 14

The assumption that the world is fair and that therefore people get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Answer 14

Just world hypothesis

Question 15

The tendency to attribute successful outcomes of one’s own behavior to internal causes and unsuccessful outcomes to external, situational causes

Answer 15

Self-serving bias

Question 16

A Learned tendency to evaluate some object, person, or issue in a particular way; such evaluations may be positive, negative, or ambivalent

Answer 16

Attitude

Question 17

An unpleasant state of psychological tension or arousal that occurs when two thoughts or perceptions are inconsistent; typically results from the awareness that attitude and behavior are in conflict

Answer 17

Cognitive dissonance

Question 18

A negative attitude towards people who belong to a specific social group

Answer 18

Prejudice

Question 19

A cluster of characteristics that are associated with all members of a specific social group, often including qualities that are unrelated to the object criteria that define the group

Answer 19

Stereotype

Question 20

A social group to which one belongs

Answer 20

In group

Question 21

Social group to which one does not belong

Answer 21

Out group

Question 22

The tendency to see members of out groups as very similar to one another

Answer 22

Outgroup homogeneity effect

Question 23

The tendency to judge the behavior of in group members favorably and outgroup members unfavorably

Answer 23

In group bias

Question 24

The belief that one’s own culture or ethnic group is superior to all others and the related tendency to use one’s own culture as a standard by which to judge other cultures

Answer 24

Ethnocentrism

Question 25

Preferences and biases towards particular groups that are automatic, Spontaneous, unintentional, and often unconscious; measured with the implicit Association test or IAT

Answer 25

Implicit attitudes

Question 26

Adjusting your opinions, judgment, or behaviors so that it matches the opinions, judgments, or behavior of other people, or the norms of a social group or situation

Answer 26

Conformity

Question 27

Behavior that is motivated by the desire to gain social acceptance and approval

Answer 27

Normative social influence

Question 28

Behavior that is motivated by the desire to be correct

Answer 28

Informational social influence

Question 29

The performance of a behavior in response to a direct command

Answer 29

Obedience

Question 30

Helping another person with no expectation of personal reward or benefits

Answer 30

Altruism

Question 31

Any behavior that helps another, whether the underlying motive is self-serving or selfless

Answer 31

Prosocial behavior

Question 32

A phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present, the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress

Answer 32

Bystander effect

Question 33

if phenomenon in which the presence of other people makes it less likely that any individual will help someone in distress because it obligation to intervene is shared among all the onlookers

Answer 33

Diffusion of responsibility

Question 34

The tendency to expend less effort on a task when it is a group effort

Answer 34

Social loafing

Question 35

The tendency for the presence of other people to enhance individual performance

Answer 35

Social facilitation

Question 36

The reduction of self-awareness and inhibitions that can occur when a person is a part of a group whose members feel anonymous

Answer 36

Deindividuation

Question 37

The deliberate attempt to influence the attitudes or behavior of another person in a situation in which that person has some freedom of choice

Answer 37

Persuasion