315 chapter 10

Question 1

henry murray goals

Answer 1

we adopt goals to fulfill physiological/psychological needs, people need external sources of pressure to fulfill goals; environment/culture where we were raised in influences the types of goals we set

Question 2

self set goal

Answer 2

one we chose for ourself

Question 3

assigned goals

Answer 3

give to us by others

Question 4

mindset theory of action

Answer 4

individuals set their minds on goal selection and behaviors necessary to achieve that selected goal

Question 5

goal

Answer 5

image of future outcome of an object, behavior, feeling. person commits to it which motivates and guides behavior

Question 6

incentive in goals

Answer 6

boosts motivation for goal acheivement, focus remains on goal but give it a boost

Question 7

subgoal

Answer 7

immediate steps toward achieving a final goal, resemble individual stairs for reaching desired floor (final goal)

Question 8

smart goals

Answer 8

specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, timely

Question 9

selecting goals

Answer 9

1- value/importance of potential goal
2-probability of achieving selected goals
3- amount of effort required to achieve goal

Question 10

levels of aspiration

Answer 10

person desire to excel, do better then the next time, do better than others

Question 11

goals as external rewards

Answer 11

anything concrete can become positive goal, avoiding negative events can become a goal (recieving criticism)

Question 12

external reward

Answer 12

foals resemble extrinsic motivation

Question 13

goals that produce satisfaction

Answer 13

physiological need have positive valence= psychological demands for goals

Question 14

valence

Answer 14

subjective value of goal/attractiveness of goal (how much a goal is wanted)

Question 15

affective forecasting

Answer 15

predicting subjective feeling that goal achievement will provide. + affect are approached, - are avoided

Question 16

self efficacy

Answer 16

belief in ones own capability of successfully performing a specific task/achieving a specific goal (albert bandura), success/failure can raise/lower self efficacy

Question 17

social comparison

Answer 17

comparing with others determines level of goal a person sets for themself

Question 18

role models as goals

Answer 18

people inspire, show what’s possible, and model goal-achievement behaviors, membership in group determined that person accept the goal of group

Question 19

goal level

Answer 19

goal value, rank of goal in hierarchy of potential goals; higher level goal=more difficult to achieve

Question 20

goal difficulty

Answer 20

how hard goal is to achieve, which depends on goal level

Question 21

goal specificity

Answer 21

how clear, precise a goal is stated in contrast to a goal being vague; greater goal specificity serves as better guide for behavior (“do your best” goals lack specificity)

Question 22

goal level and goal specificity

Answer 22

level determines goals energizing function, specificity determines a goal diverting function; high levels=motivate more achievement; vague goals produce more variability in achievement behavior

Question 23

effort discounting

Answer 23

effort required to achieve a goal subtracted from value of goal, discounted value determines whether goal is worth the effort to achieve

Question 24

expectancy value theory

Answer 24

examines expectancy value and tehir combination for goal motivation (julian rotter- locus of control)

Question 25

expected utility theory

Answer 25

goal selection is based on utility/usefulness of goal, subjective probability- belief thats particular goal will be achieve, EU x subjective probability

Question 26

framing

Answer 26

perspective from which to view a goal; goal viewed as a gain or goal viewed as avoiding a loss

Question 27

prospect theory

Answer 27

expected utilities are considered prospect-loss is more strongly felt than gain

Question 28

risk aversion

Answer 28

people are reluctant to take risks in regards to gains/rewards

Question 29

risk seeking

Answer 29

people are willing to take risks in regards to losses

Question 30

goal committment

Answer 30

process by which a person becomes set to achieve a goal; implies willingness and persistant detemination to expand time, effort in goal pursuit,

Question 31

increase goal committment

Answer 31

committment increases=goal achievement increases, telling significant other about goal

Question 32

goal shielding

Answer 32

procedure where by a person prevents other goals/behavior from interfering with the pursuit of their current goals

Question 33

planning to achieve a goal

Answer 33

need to be flexiable, persistant, accountable

Question 34

forward goal planning

Answer 34

list steps in chronological order beginning with what needs to be done first

Question 35

backwards planning

Answer 35

list steps in reverse chronologically order beginning with what would be done last

Question 36

implementing intention

Answer 36

if-then plan specifying that if situation X occurs, then person engages in goal behavior Y

Question 37

selfish goal hypothesis

Answer 37

goals are self-centered and only concerned with self-survival; goal selects stimuli and behavior that result in goal being achieved

Question 38

perception behavior link

Answer 38

a goal elicits appropriate achievement behavior because goal and achievement behaviors have been linked in past

Question 39

motivated preparation

Answer 39

valence of goal determines type of achievement behavior that activated (approach/with drawl)

Question 40

discrepancy

Answer 40

distance between current state and goal state

Question 41

feedback

Answer 41

information about progress toward goal; goal achievement strategies reduce discrepancy

Question 42

feedback and goal achievement

Answer 42

both necessary for goal achievement, monitoring/measuring goal progress (subgoals), feedback from person you declare goal to

Question 43

to go perspective

Answer 43

look ahead to determine how much more must be accomplished to achieve goal

Question 44

to date perspective

Answer 44

look back to determine how much has been accomplish to achieve goalg

Question 45

goal achievement requires

Answer 45

self awareness, delay of gratification, monitoring of behaviors/goals, standards for comparisons, goal disengagement

Question 46

goal disengagement

Answer 46

people who are able to easily disengage from unattachable goals in new goals are higher levels of subjective well-being (changing majors)

Question 47

achievement valence

Answer 47

satisfaction derived from achieving a goal

Question 48

action crisis

Answer 48

being conflicted and having doubts about continuing achievement toward a goal after experiencing setbacks, procrastination, and pondering disengaging from goal (high self efficacy achieve still after failure)