315 chapter 9

Question 1

extrinsic motivation and incentive value

Answer 1

have more of something desirable is good. to have less of its bad. something indesirable is bad, to have less if good

Question 2

reinforcers and punishers

Answer 2

reinforcers and punishers= good/bad contingent consequences of behavior. If behavior, then reinforcer/punisher. If no behavior, then no reinforcer/punisher

Question 3

giving (+) but something bad

Answer 3

poitive punishment- behavior is weakend

Question 4

giving (+) but something good

Answer 4

positive reinforcer- behavior is strengthened

Question 5

taking away (-) but something bad

Answer 5

negative reinforcer- behavior is strengthened

Question 6

taking away (-) but something good

Answer 6

negative punishment- behavior is weakenend

Question 7

reinforcers

Answer 7

behavioral consequences (rewards) that select behavior (increase frequency of behavior)

Question 8

punisher

Answer 8

behavioral consequences (penalties) that deselect behavior (decreases frequency of behavior)

Question 9

incentives

Answer 9

anticipated external stimulus that motivate behaviors to occurpo

Question 10

positive incentive

Answer 10

anticipated rewards (reinforcers that motivate approach behavior- hiring bonus)

Question 11

negative incentive

Answer 11

resemble threats/ anticipated punishers that motivate avoidance behaviors (speed cameras/tickets)

Question 12

incentive values

Answer 12

attractiveness of incentive based on objective properties (# or amount)`

Question 13

utility

Answer 13

subjective value of an incentive based on it providing satisfaction, pleasure, and usefulness

Question 14

object/subjective value

Answer 14

willignness to accept price (sell price)= subjective value of incentive > willingness to pay price (buy price)= subjective value of incentive gain

Question 15

fetchners law

Answer 15

relationship between objective/subjective incentive value (utility) such that equal increasaes objective value, produce smaller and smaller increases in subjective value (utility)

Question 16

anticipated gains

Answer 16

positive incentives

Question 17

anticipated loses

Answer 17

negative incentives

Question 18

losses

Answer 18

felt more strongly than gains

Question 19

prospect theory

Answer 19

losses loom larger than gains, the loss of something is more dissatisfying than gain of it is satisfying

Question 20

value function curve

Answer 20

equal objective gain and losses result in unequal psychological reaction, greater motivation to prevent the loss

Question 21

loss aversion

Answer 21

tendency to not want to experience the unpleasantness of loss; gain is preferred. motivated using locks gaurding ones money/phone, # of varibales that affect subjective value of incentive

Question 22

amount

Answer 22

incentive amoun: quantity/# of incentives increase their value (A is more valued then a B)

Question 23

substitution effect

Answer 23

an increase in price of one incentive/reinforcer leads to increase demand for different incentive/reinforcer to replace original one

Question 24

contrast effect

Answer 24

motivational impact of incentive depends on how it compares to prior/other incentives

Question 25

incentive contrast

Answer 25

change in motivation depends on how current incentive differs in value from prior incentives

Question 26

postive incentive contrast

Answer 26

upward shift in incentive value, motivated behavior increases (16 to 18 an hours)

Question 27

negative incentive contrast

Answer 27

downward shift in incentive value, motivated behavior decreases (20-18 an hour)

Question 28

law of hedonic contrast

Answer 28

subjective feelings that accompany incentive contrast. + contrast produces pleasant feelings; - contrast produces unpleasant feelings; contrasted incentive must be in same category as intrinsic they compared with

Question 29

IKEA effect

Answer 29

people value more of product they made themselves compared to when made by others

Question 30

temporal motivation theory

Answer 30

how far an incentive is available in future determining value/utility of incentive; integrates how incentive utility changes temporarily. utility is based on value of expected incentive and delay of incentive

Question 31

incentive delay interval

Answer 31

incentive becomes available

Question 32

delay discounting

Answer 32

process by which future incentive is represented in present at marked down value

Question 33

procrastination

Answer 33

delay in goal-directed behavior, despite knowing that one will be worse off as a result, people differ in extent they procrastinate

Question 34

general procrastination scale

Answer 34

measures the trait tendency of individual to procrastinate

Question 35

preference reversal

Answer 35

change in preference from 1 incentive to another as result of change in their discounted values, based on change in incentive delay intervals (25 now or 50 in 2 weeks)

Question 36

common currency

Answer 36

a shared dimension/basis on which a dimension is based. money and pleasure for making choice like people buying things and choice between immediate/delay reward

Question 37

intrinsic motivation

Answer 37

behavior isn't coerced by external sources- motivation is inherent in behavior (intrinsic motivation inventory)

Question 38

extrinsic motivation

Answer 38

behavior is coerced by external sources (grade, money)

Question 39

means end fusion model

Answer 39

intrinsic motivation depends on how close together behavior/means and its end-state experience (rewards) occur

Question 40

functional autonomy of motives

Answer 40

outcome of process that involved the transition from extrinsically motivated behavior to intrinsically behavior (running to lose weight but then doing it because you liek it)

Question 41

curiosity

Answer 41

source of intrinsic motivation that aids in exploring and learning about ones environment

Question 42

effectance motivation

Answer 42

motive to actively interact and control ones enviornment

Question 43

flow

Answer 43

pleasurable subjective state that stems from being completely involved in challenging activity that matches one skill

Question 44

cognitive evaluation theory

Answer 44

person evaluates reason for their behavior- if behavior attributed to external incentive then when incentive is removed, intrinsic interest declines

Question 45

quantity `

Answer 45

how much is accomplished; extrinsic motivation increases this

Question 46

quality

Answer 46

how well something is accomplished; intrinsic motivation increases this

Question 47

motivation orientation

Answer 47

refers to when person's consistently directed toward an intrinsic/extrinsic source of motivation; can be motivated by both sources

Question 48

extrinsically oriented

Answer 48

work for rewards like study for the A

Question 49

intrinsically oriented

Answer 49

work is own reward like studying for pleasure of learning