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FARM ANIMAL > 3.1.5: Oral cavity disease > Flashcards

3.1.5: Oral cavity disease Flashcards

1
Q

How might an animal with an oral lesion present?

A
  • Anorexia/inappetance
  • Ptyalism
  • Swelling of head/lips/mandible
  • Protrusion of tongue
  • Oedema of submandibular space
  • Partly chewed lumps of food present (quids)
  • Bloat
  • Penetrating wounds
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2
Q

What are quids?

A

Partially chewed lumps of food that may be found in the mouth of an animal with oral cavity disease

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3
Q

Differentials for hypersalivation (viral causes)

A
  • BVD
  • MCF
  • IBR
  • Bovine papular stomatitis / orf
  • Notifiable ones: Rabies, FMD, BTV
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4
Q

Differentials for hypersalivation (bacterial causes)

A
  • Calf diphtheria (necrobacillosis); F. necrophorum, necrotic laryngitis
  • Actinobacillosis (wooden tongue)
  • Actinomycosis (lumpy jaw)
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5
Q

Differentials for hypersalivation (traumatic causes)

A
  • Choke
  • Drenching gun/bolus injuries, oral burns
  • Teeth
  • Vagal nerve damage
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6
Q

What is stomatitis?

A

Inflammation of the oral mucosa.
This is a clinical sign seen in a variety of diseases.

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7
Q

Clinical signs of acute active stomatitis

A
  • Ptyalism
  • Dysphagia
  • Repetitive jaw movements
  • Inflammation, excoriations and ulcers on oral exam
  • Halitosis may be noted with secondary bacterial infections
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8
Q

Non-infectious causes of stomatitis

A
  • Oral trauma
  • Chemical irritants
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9
Q

Infectious causes of stomatitis

A
  • IBR
  • Papillomas
  • BVDv
  • MCF
  • BPS
  • Notifiable vesicular diseases: FMDv, VS, BTV

VS = vesicular stomatitis
BTV = Bluetongue virus

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10
Q

Describe the clinical findings with stomatitis caused by IBR

A
  • Grey pinpoint pustules on the soft palate; some sources say no oral lesions but possible ulceration on nose
  • Pyrexia
  • Respiratory signs
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11
Q

Describe the clinical findings with stomatitis caused by papillomas

A
  • Pink-white raised areas with proliferative appearance on lips and mouth
  • Seen in young animals
  • Resolves spontaneously
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12
Q

Describe the clinical findings with stomatitis caused by BVD

A
  • Small ulcers from mouth to rectum
  • Pyrexia and diarrhoea
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13
Q

Describe the other clinical findings with stomatitis caused by MCF

A
  • Sporadic cases
  • Bilateral corneal opacity
  • Oral and nasal discharge
  • Enlarged LNs
  • Pyrexic
  • Dysentery
  • Catarrhal inflammation and erosion
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14
Q

Describe the other clinical findings with stomatitis caused by BPS

A
  • Animals are usually asymptomatic
  • The disease is zoonotic
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15
Q

Describe the other clinical findings with stomatitis caused by FMDv

A
  • Vesicles are seen on coronary band and mouth
  • Pyrexia
  • Lameness
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16
Q

Describe the clinical findings with stomatitis caused by VS

A
  • Lesions are restricted to the oral mucosa
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17
Q

Describe the other clinical findings with stomatitis caused by BTV

A
  • Swollen head, ears and lips
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18
Q

How is FMD transmitted?

A
  • Ingestion of animal products: uncooked meat, unpasteurised milk, other dairy products
  • Natural mating, AI, embryos
  • Direct contact with infected wildlife
  • Wind-borne transmission
  • Indirect contact via fomites: contaminated clothing, vaccine guns, vehicles, marketplaces, loading ramps, electricians, dead stock collection services
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19
Q

Clinical signs of FMD

A
  • Fever and vesicles
  • Abortion
  • Recovery in 2 weeks unless secondary infections arise
  • Death in young animals
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20
Q

Incubation period of FMD

A

2-12 days

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21
Q

Morbidity of FMD

A

100% in a susceptible population

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22
Q

Mortality with FMD

A
  • <1%
  • Higher in young animals
  • Higher with highly virulent strains
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23
Q

You suspect FMD in a herd of cows. What other differential diagnoses do you have? Justify these.

A
  • IBR (pyrexia)
  • BVD (abortions, vesicular disease)
  • MCF (pyrexia, vesicular disease)
  • BTV
  • Pox virus e.g. pseudocowpox
  • Plant toxins
  • Papilloma virus (not vesicles but look similar)
  • Ulcerative diseases (not vesicles but look similar)
  • Photosensitisation (not vesicles but can look similar)
24
Q

You suspect FMD in a pig herd. What are your differential diagnoses?

A
  • Foot root
  • Chemical and thermal burns
25
Q

What are some of the control measures that would be implemented if a case of FMD was diagnosed in the UK?

A
  • All susceptible livestock on the infected holding would be culled and destroyed
  • All meat and other products from the infected holding would be traced and destroyed
  • Strong restrictions on the movement of people, vehicles, or other animals in the area surrounding the infection
  • Cleaning and disinfecting the affected holding and any vehicles or equipment which enetered the holding
  • Detailed conditions would be laid down for the restocking of the holding, which can only take place 21 days after cleaning and disinfection operation is complete
  • Protection zone: radius of at least 3km around the site
  • Surveillance zone: radius of at least 10km arund the site
  • Restrictions on movement of susceptible animals in and out of this zone
26
Q

What treatment/eradication options are there for FMD?

A
  • Eradication programs: confirmatory diagnosis, destructon of exposed cadavers, bedding, animals and animal products
  • Vaccinate to kill - ring vaccination to slow spread, with all vaccinated farms to be depopulated within 1-2 weeks of vaccination. Banned in EU since 1992.
  • Vaccinate to live - only done in parts of the world where the disease is endemic, has huge implications for international trade.
27
Q

What would happen in the UK if a diagnosis of FMD was confirmed?

A
  • UK would immediately put in place measures laid down in EU direction 2003/85/EC (or superceding relevant post-Brexit legislation)
28
Q

After a FMD outbreak, how long does it take for a country to regain its disease-free status? What is the impact of this?

A
  • Shortest period in which disease-free status can be recovered is 3 months after the cull of the last infected animal
  • Until the disease-free status is recovered, other countries can ban live animals and animal products from the affected country
29
Q

What should you do if you suspect FMD on farm?

A
  • May the diagnosis: clinically, vesicular diseases are indistinguishable (salivaton and lameness with vesicles require further testing)
  • Notify the Animal Health Office immediately
  • Wait on-farm for an official vet
30
Q

What other common vesicular diseases are there, aside from FMD?

A
  • Vesicular stomatitis
  • Swine Vesicular Disease
  • Vesicular Exathema of Swine
31
Q

Of the following diseases, which affect cattle?
* FMD
* Vesicular stomatitis
* Swine Vesicular Disease
* Vesicular Exathema of Swine

A
  • ** FMD
  • Vesicular stomatitis**
  • Swine Vesicular Disease
  • Vesicular Exathema of Swine
32
Q

Of the following diseases, which affect pigs?
* FMD
* Vesicular stomatitis
* Swine Vesicular Disease
* Vesicular Exathema of Swine

A
  • **FMD
  • Vesicular stomatitis
  • Swine Vesicular Disease
  • Vesicular Exathema of Swine**
33
Q

Of the following diseases, which affect sheep and goats?
* FMD
* Vesicular stomatitis
* Swine Vesicular Disease
* Vesicular Exathema of Swine

A
  • **FMD
  • Vesicular stomatitis**
  • Swine Vesicular Disease
  • Vesicular Exathema of Swine

Sheep and goats rarely show signs/show mild signs of these diseases.

34
Q

Of the following diseases, which affect horses and donkeys?
* FMD
* Vesicular stomatitis
* Swine Vesicular Disease
* Vesicular Exathema of Swine

A
  • **FMD
  • Vesicular stomatitis**
  • Swine Vesicular Disease
  • Vesicular Exathema of Swine
35
Q

Clinical signs of FMD in cattle

A
  • Oral and hoof lesions
  • Salivation, drooling
  • Lameness
  • Abortion
  • Death in young animals
36
Q

Clinical signs of Vesicular Stomatitis in cattle

A
  • Vesicles in the oral cavity, mammary glands, coronary bands, interdigital space
37
Q

Clinical signs of FMD in pigs

A
  • Severe hoof lesions
  • Hoof sloughing
  • Snout vesicles
  • Less severe oral lesions
38
Q

Considering FMD, which species represent the following:
a) Disease indicators
b) Amplifying hosts
c) Maintenance hosts

A

a) Disease indicators - cattle
b) Amplifying hosts - pigs
c) Maintenance hosts - sheep and goats

39
Q

Clinical signs of Swine Vesicular Disease

A
  • Severe signs in animals housed on concrete
  • Lameness
  • Salivation
  • Neurological signs
  • More severe in younger animals
40
Q

Clinical signs of Vesicular Exathema of Swine

A
  • Deeper lesions with granulation tissue formation on feet
41
Q

Clinical signs of Vesicular Stomatitis in horse and donkeys

A
  • Severe with oral and coronary band vesicles
  • Drooling
  • Animals rub their mouths on objects
  • Lameness
42
Q

Signs of BTV in sheep

A

BTV= Bluetongue Virus
* Eye and nasal discharges which become thick and crusty
* Drooling as a result of swelling/ulcerations in the mouth
* Swelling of neck/face especially around eyes and muzzle
* Severe lameness -> affected sheep reluctant to rise
* Haemorrhages into or under the skin
* Inflammation and pain at the coronary band
* Blue tongue = rarely a clinical signs of infection

43
Q
A

Bluetongue virus

44
Q

Clinical signs of BTV in cattle

A

BTV = Bluetongue Virus
* May have no signs of ilnnes
* Nasal discharge
* Swelling of neck and head especially around eyes and muzzle
* Conjunctivitis
* Lameness
* Excessive salivation/drooling

45
Q
A

Bluetongue virus

46
Q
A

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)

47
Q
A

Bovine papilloma virus

48
Q

How is bovine papilloma virus transmitted?

A
  • Via abrasions, direct contact, ± flies
49
Q

What issues does bovine papilloma virus cause? How can these be addressed?

A
  • Lesions may interfere with suckling and milkig
  • Secondary bacterial infections are possible
  • Typically self-limiting
  • There is an autogenous vaccine available but rarely used unless it impacts the ability of the cow to eat or be milked
50
Q

What is the colloquial name for this disease? What is the causative agent?

A

Actinobacillosis (wooden tongue)
Causative agent: Actinobacilllus lignieresi

51
Q

Clinical signs of actinobacillosis

A
  • Pain
  • ± pyrexia
  • Stomatitis, glossitis, fibrous tissue, cellulitis evolving into pyogranulomatous infection
  • Swollen tongue that often protrudes and is hard to the touch
  • Submandibular swelling
  • Enlarged LNs
  • Rapid BCS loss
  • Can also affected skin, oesophageal groove, rumen wall etc.
52
Q

How do cattle become affected by actinobacillosis?

A
  • Actinobaccilus lignieresi is a commensal of the URT and GIT of ruminants
  • Enters tissue via breaks in buccal mucosa
53
Q

How is actinobacillosis diagnosed?

A
  • Observation of painful pyogranulamotous lesions exuding yellow-white pus
  • Deep incisional biopsies (“sulphur granules”)
54
Q

Treatment of actinobacillosis

A
  • Early intervention necessarily for successful outcome
  • Antibiotics: gram-negative, facultative anaerobe required. Pen + strep, TMPS. Daily IM >10 days
  • Iodides: potassium iodide (oral), sodium iodide (IV)
  • NSAIDs
55
Q

What are some possible complications of actinobacillosis?

A
  • Laryngeal and pharyngeal paralysis
  • Vagal indigestion
56
Q

Prevention of actinobacillosis

A
  • Isolate affected cases and review feeding
57
Q

What is the colloquial name for this disease? What is the causative agent?

A

Actinomycosis (lumpy jaw)
Causative agent: Actinomyces bovis

FARM ANIMAL (53 decks)

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