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My urinARY > PHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of nephrons in the kidney?

A

Cortical (85%)

Juxtamedullary (15%)

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2
Q

What is the function of vasa recta

A

concentration/dilution of urine
nutreints/oxygen to nephrons
secretiom

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3
Q

List the arteries starting from renal that blood passes through to get to the Bowman’s capsule?

A

Renal=> segmental=> Interlobar=> Arcute=> Interlobular => affarent

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4
Q

What is known by term Ultrafiltration

A

passive movement of plasma ultrafiltrate from glomerular capillaries into Bowman’s capsule

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5
Q

if two dextrins of the same size were to cross a membrane one being mostly +vely charged (cation) and the other negatively charged (anion) which one would cross more easily and why ?

A

anion=> the basement membrane and endothelial cells are negatively charged and so they repel anions and attract cations.
Note: podocytes differentiate based on size only

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6
Q

what is a response of SMC to change in pressure of affarent arterioles

A

decreased pressure= relax

increased pressure = construct

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7
Q

How is the increase in GFR detected

A

More Na in DCT=> macula densa stimulated

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8
Q

What are the local mediators that can alter flow in affarent arteries

A

adenosisn => vasoconstriction

prostaglandins=> vasodilation

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9
Q

What is a threshold for glucose reabsorption?

A

200mg/ 100ml

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10
Q

What precentages of various substances are reabsorbed in PCT

A
  • 100% filtered nutrients
  • 65% filtered water
  • 80-90% filtered HCO3-
  • 60% filtered Cl-
  • 67% filtered Na+
  • 65% filtered K+
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11
Q

Give some examples of secreted anions (Kidney)

A

bile salts, fatty acids, penicilin, NSAI

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12
Q

Give some examples of secreted cations (Kidney)

A

dopamin, histamin, seratonin, Morphine , atropine

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13
Q

What are the properties of peritubular capilaries that allow substance reabsorption

A

high oncotic pressure

low water and electrolyte continence (also hydrostatic and oncotic pressure in the intestitial fluid)

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14
Q

Give a definition of glomerular filtration rate

A

amount of filtrate that is produced from the blood flowing through the glomerulus per unit time

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15
Q

what is the equation for filtration fraction

A

GFR/RPF (vol of blood without RBC)

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16
Q

Define clearance rate

A

• The volume of plasma from which the substance is completely removed by the kidney per unit time

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17
Q

Give an equation for clearance rate

A

(urine con. x urine flow)/plasma con

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18
Q

Why is creatin used to asses GFR

A

completely cleared hence GFR=CR

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19
Q

What is an ideal substance for measuring of GFR

A
  • Freely filtered across the glomerulus
  • Not reabsorbed or secreted
  • Not metabolised
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20
Q

What moleculs are transported by NAN dependent transport in PCT

A 
AA, Carboxilic acid, Phosphate, Lactate, glucose, Hydrogen (out)
Cl distally (trans and paracellular)
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21
Q

What are the bases of movement in thin descending limb

A

oncotic pressure of the intestitium (vertually no transporters)

22
Q

What are the key transporters in the thick ascending limb

A 
APICAL
NAKCC2=> (NA, K and 2 Cl in )
ROMKA => K out
Basolateral
Na/K ATPase => 3Na out, 2K in 
Cl channel => Cl out
23
Q

where is the Na/K ATPase located

A

Basolateral membrane

24
Q

What are the key transporters in the DCT

A

Na/Cl co-transporter and Ca channel apically
Basolateral:
Cl channe, NCX(Na in Ca out)

25
Q

What are the two types of cell in theCD

A

principal (70%) and intercalated (30%)

26
Q

What are the principlechannels of Principal cells

A

ENaC (Na in)
K out
Aquapoirin 2 (ADH depdendent)stimulated

27
Q

What are the functions of atrial nutriuretic peptide?

A

increased GFR=> vasodialtion of affarent arterioles
increasedvasa recta flow => reduction in gradient of medulla
decreased Na reabsorption in CD and DCT
inhibition of renin secretion

28
Q

How is release of atrial natruretic peptide

A

Reelased in response of atrial stretch (large end diastolic volume)

29
Q

What is the role of sympathetic nervous sytem on kidney

A

vasoconstriction of renal arteries
induction of Na/H excxhanger(PCT)
increasein renin

30
Q

What factor stimulate renin release

A

SNS, high Na or CL in DCT (macula densa detection)

31
Q

Where is renin released and why is it important

A

Granular cells of jaxtoglomerularapparatus

key regulation of Angiotensin 2 pathway

32
Q

What isthe ffect of angiotenisn 2

A 
vasoconstriction of arteries
Aldosteron release
SNS activation 
ADH release 
Nareqabsorption through Na/H exchanger
33
Q

what isthefunction of aldosteron

A

increased na reabsorption and K seceretion through transcriptional regulation

34
Q

Why is prostaglandin and bradykinin important in the kidney

A

vasodilators that act agains vasocconstriction

35
Q

What is an extra effect of ACE

A

break down of bradykinin

36
Q

What are three causes of secondary hypertension related to adrenal glands

A

Conn’s (aldosteron secreting adenoma)
Cushion’s
Pheochromocytoma (na and NA and adrenalin secretion=> CO)

37
Q

What is the location of osmoreceptors? What do they stimulate

A

supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
thirst 10% dehydration
ADH 1% dehydration

38
Q

What sort of hormon is ADH and where is it synthesised and relased

A

peptide
S: supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus
R: posterior pituitary

39
Q

What arethe actions of ADH

A

increased water reabsorption (aquaporin 2)

vasoconstriction

40
Q

What is meant by diaresis

A

hypo-osmotic urine

41
Q

What is corticopupillary osmotic gradient and how is it maintained

A

gradient formed by blood flow that is opposit to filtrate flow in the vasa recta.

maintains the osmotic gradient i.e. intestitium always hyperosmotic

42
Q

Why is countercarrent of vasa recta important?

A

it maintains the concentration gradient down the medulla i.e. initially blood hypo-osmotic taking up irons from thick ascending limb
then as it progresses back up the blood is hyperosmotic allowing absorption of water

43
Q

Where in the kidney is calcium reabsorbed and in what proportions

A

PCT 66%
Loop of henly 24%
DCT/CD 10% (regulated)

44
Q

What is the name of crystals formed in the bones

A

hydroxyapetite

45
Q

Where most of absorption of alkaline phosphate occurs

A

PCT => 95%

46
Q

What factors increase excretion of alkaline phosphate

A

PTH, acidosis, glucocorticosteroids

47
Q

What part of nephron is important in potassium regulation and why? how is it controlles?

A

Principal cells of DCT and CD secret K+ (15-120%=> {} dependent)
controlled by aldosteron that increases expression of K+ channel K+/NA+ ATPase and ENaC

48
Q

whatis the relationshipbetween Na and K balance

A

reabsorption of Na leads to loss of K

49
Q

What channel is used in reabsorption of K in intercalated cells

A

H/K ATPase

50
Q

How is normal ECf K plas maintained forllowing a meal

A

Shift of K into ICF followin insulin and catechalamines relase tha both increase activity of K/NA ATPase as well as increased excretion of K in the kidney

51
Q

Whatfactors increase ECF [K]

A

cell lysis, post exercies, acidosis, plasma hyperosmolarity

My urinARY (5 decks)

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