Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

My urinARY > other urinary pathology > Flashcards

other urinary pathology Flashcards

1
Q

How is the biopsy of prostate graded?

A

Gleason grading => add best and wors areascor outof 12areas looked at

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is aspecific treatment for prostate cancer and what characteristicsof cancer does it relay on?

A

LHRH=>reduces testosteron by overworking andterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the markers for testicular cancer

A

placental alkaline phosphate

HCG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How can bladder cancer by dignosed?

A

intra venous urogram
Ultrasound
Cystoscopy
Biopsy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Whata are the host factors that leadto development of UTIs

A

short femal urethra
obstruction (tumour, pregnancy, stasis)
neurological
uretic reflex problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the difference in symptoms between cystitis and polynephritis

A

both show dysuria, freqyuency, urgency and fever BUT polynephritis is more systemic with some loin pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What cases of UTI are uncomplicated?

A

No known abnormalities of urinary tract infection
Not pregnant
No other co morbidities
Female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What cases of UTI are complicated?

A 
Males 
Young children 
Pregnant females 
People with structural abnormalities 
Elderly
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name 3 organsism that can cause UTI

A

E. coli
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
Klebsille
Pseudoones aurogenosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are thechanges observe d in urin with infection?

A

visual: turbidity
urine dipstick: raised leukocytes and nitrate (sometimes)
NOT haematuria and proteinuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the treatment for cytitis?

A

trimethoprim or nitrofurantoin x 3 days

in complicated x5 daysmay also use cephalaxin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the treatment for polynephritis?

A

Co-amoxiclav or Ciprofloxacin x 14 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a state of increased ureaq in blood known as?

A

azotaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the possible findings in the history of pre-renal ARF?

A

thirst, weight loss (fluid loss related) cause fro ineffecive circulatory volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the possible findings in the history of renal ARF?

A

previous abnormal urinalysis, toxin/nephrotoxic drugs exposure, hypertension, new medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the possible findings in the history of post-renal ARF?

A

Frequency, hesitancy, nocturia
History of nephrolithiasis or neoplasia
Renal colic

17
Q

What signs and urinalysis findings can you observe in pre-renal failure?

A

low BP, JVP, high pulse

high urin osmolarity and creatin and low sodium

18
Q

What signs and urinalysis findings can you observe in renal failure?

A 
hypertension 
Proteinuria 
Haematuria 
Pyuria 
Renal epithelial cells in urine 
Casts
19
Q

What signs and urinalysis findings can you observe in post-renal failure?

A

distended bladder, enlarged prostate, renal calculus

20
Q

Name some drug classes that make the ARF worse

A

NSAI, ACEI, gentamicin

21
Q

What are causes of renal failure?

A

Renal artery or vain occlusion
Intrarenal vascular => thrombus, cholesterol emboli
Glomerulonephritis
Acute tubular necrosis => nephrotoxic drugs/pre-renal insult
Intestinal disease -> drugs, infiltration

22
Q

What would be the observations of urine microscopy in diffrent types of renal failure?

A

o Pre-Renal
 Hyaline cast – Aggregations of protein seen in concentrated urine (normal)
o Acute Tubular Necrosis
 Muddy Brown Cast =>shedding of tubular cells
o Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis
 Red Blood Cell Cast=> blood in urine

23
Q

name causes of CKD

A

immunological, infection, inharited, vascular, hypertension, systemic disease, obstructive

24
Q

What are the three most common causes of CKD

A

ischaemic heart disease, hypertension and diabetes = 85%

25
Q

What is the effectof CKD on bone

A

renal bone diseaase

  1. reduced phosphate loss wincreases calcium scavenging and leads to hyperparathyrodism
  2. reduced vit D hydroxylation contributes to hyperparathyrodism and osteomalacia
26
Q

What symptoms are you expect with CKD

A 
Tiredness, Breathlessness, Restless legs
o	Sleep reversal
o	Seizure
o	Aches and pains
o	Nausea and vomiting
o	Itching
o	Chest Pain
neuropathy, sizures
27
Q

what are the advantages of haemodynamic dialysis

A

effective (25+ survival)
3 times a week
easily prescribed

28
Q

what are the disadvantages of haemodynamic dialysis

A 
fluid/diet  restrictions
limited holiday
expensive 
CVS instability 
acess problem => arterovenous fistula
29
Q

what are the advantages of peritoneal dialysis

A

low technology, home use, easy to learn, allows mobility, stable CVS

30
Q

what are the disadvantages of peritoneal dialysis

A 
frequent i.e. 4/day
no long term survivcal
peritonates 
limited dialisys dose 
high revenue

My urinARY (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions