Topic 2.3 - How does CF affect other Body Systems? Flashcards
Do CF sufferers have higher or lower metabolic rates?
Higher basal metabolic rates.
What percentage of the daily recommended intake of energy is suggested for CF sufferers?
120-140%
Why is it more difficult for someone with CF to produce digestive enzymes from the pancreas?
Mucus blocks the pancreatic duct (exocrine gland), stopping digestive enzymes from travelling through the pancreas as effectively.
What are the differences between exocrine and endocrine glands
Exocrine glands have ducts. Endocrine glands do not have ducts and release hormones.
What is the result of having a lower concentration of digestive enzymes ?
Food is not properly digested, meaning that not all of the nutrients can be absorbed (malabsorption syndrome).
What can happen to the pancreas if the digestive hormones are trapped inside of it?
The pancreas can become damaged, forming cysts. The cells inside the pancreas that produce insulin can also be damaged, leading to diabetes.
How can CF affect the female reproductive system?
Mucus blocks the cervix, meaning that sperm cannot reach and fertilise the egg.
How can CF affect the male reproductive system?
Males with cystic fibrosis often lack the sperm duct (vas deferens) on each side, meaning that sperm cannot leave the testes. Even if sperm ducts are present, they can become blocked with mucus.
Define the term enzyme.
An enzyme is a globular protein which acts as a biological catalyst which speeds up chemical reactions within the body.
What is a substrate?
A substrate is a molecule which an enzyme acts on. It forms temporary bonds with the amino acids of the active site of an enzyme.
What is the Lock-and-Key Theory?
The theory that enzymes have a fixed 3-D structure and active site so that only their respective substrate can fit inside of it.
What is the Induced Fit Theory?
The theory that the active site of an enzyme is actually flexible and change shape slightly to fit the substrate more closely.
Define Activation Energy.
The energy required to break bonds and start a reaction.
How do enzymes reduce activation energy?
Electrically-charged groups on the surfaces of the enzyme and substrate attract. The attraction of opposite groups distorts the substrate, causing bonds to break.
