3.2 Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
What does CPTED stand for
A
Crime prevention through environmental design
2
Q
What are the two ways that built environment can affect the level of crime
A
By influencing potential offender - presenting opportunities
By affecting people’s ability to exercise control over their surroundings
3
Q
What did criminologists argue about with agencies
A
Such as architects, builders, town planner and local councils can design crime out, by changing the physical layout of an area
4
Q
What architect created indefensible and defensible space
A
Oscar Newman
5
Q
Indefensible Spaces are what
A
Where crime is more likely occur
6
Q
What did Newman called public areas
A
’ Confused’ areas like anonymous walkways and stairwells - belong, cared or observed to no-one
7
Q
example of indefensible spaces
A
New York study
8
Q
What did Newman find in New York study
A
Found that 55% of all crime committed occurred in public scapes like hallways, lifts, stairwells and lobbies
9
Q
What are defensible space
A
Where there ave clear boundaries so it is obvious who has the right to be there
10
Q
What are the fOur Features of defensible space
A
Territoriality
Natural surveillance
A safe image
A safe location
11
Q
What is meant by territoriality in defensible Spaces
A
Where the environment encourages a sense of ownership among resides like cul-de-sacs
12
Q
what is natural surveillance in a defensible space
A
Features of building such as easily viewed allows residents look after each other
13
Q
What is a safe image in defensible Spaces
A
Building designs should give the impression of A safe neighbourhood residents look after each other
14
Q
What is a safe location in defensible spaces
A
Neighbourhood located in the middle of wider crime free areas are insulated from the outside worlds by a ‘ moat’ of safety
15
Q
who developed Newman idea on CPTED
A
criminologists C Ray Jefferey
16
Q
how did ray jefferey develop newman’s idea on CPTED
A
argued that the built environment can either created or deny opportunities to criminals. by altering this environment, we can reduce crime
17
Q
did Alice Coleman do with the CPTED approach
A
analysed 4099 blocks of flats in two London boroughs. concluded that poor design of may blocks produced higher rates of crime and antisocial behaviour
18
Q
what did alice coleman find in her london study
A
three design features encourages crime : anonymity, lack of surveillance and easy escape
19
Q
what did alice recommend for designs
A
no more blocks of flats should be built
each existing block should have it own garden or private scape, so residents would look after it
overhead walkways should be removed bc they obstruct surveillance
20
Q
example of CPTED success
A
Lisbon creep estate in west london, the removal of overhead walkways lead to 50% reduction of crime
21
Q
example of CPTED
A
gated lanes
22
Q
what are gated lanes
A
CPTED tactic to ‘design crime out’, they are lockable gates installed to prevent offenders gaining access to alleyways like the ones behind the houses
23
Q
what are gated lanes used for
A
prevented burglaries, fly tipping, anti-social behaviour by youths congregating and provide a safe area for children to play
24
Q
ADS: provide physical barrier increase what
A
the effort required to commit a crime
25
ADS: having responsibility what does it increase (Gated lanes)
residents take responsibility for closing the gates which increases guardianship and surveillance
26
ADS:what does the gates increase
residents' sense of territoriality
27
Ads: offenders can't use the excuse of what
They thought it was a public space
28
Ads: gating indicates what
Cared - for space whereas alleys may suffer from appearing uncared-for space
29
Ads: gating alleys may reduce what
Reward of crime, example it will be difficult to steal large objects as they had to climb over
30
Dis: cost may be an issue
For residents in some areas, only costs an average of £728 per gate
31
Dis: don't work against what criminal
Who are within the gated area
32
Dis: what if residents don't trust each other
They will be less likely to get together to install gates or may not take responsibility for them
33
Dis: may be difficulties of what
In installing gates if the alley is a public rights of way, or if it has several owners all of whom need to agree
34
Dis: gated lanes can restrict what
Access for emergency services and refuse collectors, which can be a problem
35
Example of gated lanes being an advantages
Narrow back lanes and quiet side streets of Cardiff are slowly being shut of to the general public. More than 70 alley - gales have been erected in neighourhood in attempt to tackle crime and anti- social behavour
36
What theories link to CPTED
Right realist ideas such as
Situational Crime prevention ( scp)
Felson's routine activity
Rational choice theory
37
How does situational crime prevention to CPTED
CPTED involves ‘ target hardening’ by changing the physical environment to make it harder to commit crime
38
How does felson's routine activity theory to CPTED
Emphasizes the importance of a ‘ capable guardian’ protecting potential crime targets. In CPTED, mutual surveillance by neighbours act as a guardian.
39
How does rational choice theory to CPTED
CPTED sees offenders acting rationally. Example if intruders they will be challenged by residence, but there will be more likely to stay away from the area
40
Criticism:
Focuses on defence from what gated lanes
Outsiders who come into the area to offend, but insiders commit crime too
41
Criticisms
Cannot explain offences that what gated lanes
Don't involve physical intrusion into the neighbourhood such as cybercrime, fraud, white colour and corporate crime
42
Criticism
Call Desac might be defensible spaces but what?
They might not actually be defended example if a resident of all out at work all day, there is surveillance
43
Criticism
Some houses estate have crime rate why?
Because of council housing allocation policies rather than how they’re designed. Some council place ‘problems families ‘ with the history of antisocial behaviour on estates.
44
Criticism
An area’s reputation rather than it design may cause higher crime rate why?
Because if police regard a particular estate as crime ridden, they will patrol it more, leading to more arrests, a high recorded crime rate and worst reputation
45
What’s another way that built environments can be used to achieve social control?
The way prisons are designed
46
What did Foucault argued about
In modern society we are increasingly controlled through self-surveillance
47
How did Foucault illustrate his argument of self surveillance
Through a description of a prison design known as as the panopticon- ‘all seeing’
48
What is the panopticon
A type of institutional building and a system of control designed by the English philosopher and social theorist, Jeremy Bentham in the 18th century
49
What is the concept of the panopticon
The design is to allow all prisoners of the Institute to be observed by a single security guard without the inmates being able to tell whether they are being watched
50
What is physically impossible in the panopticon (guard)
For the single God to observe all inmates the inmates cannot know when they’re being watched which means they are motivated act as they’re being watched at all times which compels them effectively to regulate their own behaviour
51
example of a panopticon
Pentonville prison (Jeremy betham)
52
example of a huma ecological prison
Bastoy prison (norway)
53
where do the prisoners live in a human ecological
live in houses with a village rather than inside cells
54
what approach is human ecological
left realist
55
what in the reoffending rate in Norway bastoy for the human ecological
20% - very low compare other company- one of the worlds lowest
56
what did a former Bastoy governor Arne Kvernvik Nilsen say about bastoy prison
idea is “not to focus on the crime that has been committed, but trying to make a change in the way of thinking. And focusing on what is, what works, what is good.”
57
what did Nilsen believes about using human ecology (bastoy)
making use of human ecology in the prison environment is a method of teaching individuals to discover that they are a part of global community
58
example of the a supermax prisons
ADX Florence, Colorado.
59
what is a supermax/ADX prison
is a “control-unit” prison, or unit within prisons, which represent the most secure levels of custody in the prison systems of certain countries.
60
what is the objective of a supermax prisons
to provide long-term, segregated housing for inmates classified as the highest security risks in the prison system- the “worst of the worst” criminals
61
what type of prisoners are in supermax prisons
who pose an extremely serious threat to both national and global
62
what are happening to prisoners inside a supermax prisons
held in solitary confinement with almost no human contact.
63
what does critics say about supermax prisons
cite risks of mental deterioration due to isolation.
64
what is a open prison
the prisoners are trusted to serve their sentences with minimal supervision and perimeter security, and are often not locked up in their prison cells.
65
what type of offender do open prisons not take
sex offenders
66
what do open prisons allow prisons to do work wide
permitted to take up employment while serving their sentence
In the Uk,
67
what aim of punishment is open prisons
are often part of a rehabilitation plan for prisoners moved from closed prisons
68
example of open prisons
HMP Kirkham
69
what can open prisons be designated to be
“training prisons” and are only for prisoners considered a low risk to the public
70
how many prisoners are housed in open prisons
650
71
what are ASBOs
anti-social behaviour orders - DOES NOT EXIST ANYMORE
72
when was ASBOs made
between 1998-2014
73
ASBOs were introduced by what statute
crime and disorder act 1998
74
examples of ABSOs
Graffiti
abusive and intimidating language
Excessive noise, particularly late at night
75
how long do ASBOs last
minimum of two year
76
ABSOs -civil order was designed to what
designed to keep the public from behaviour that cause r was likely to cause harassment, alarm or distress
77
what are the conditions for an ASBOs
conditions prohibiting the offender from specific anti-social acts or entering defined areas
78
what happens if someone breach their ASBOs
order was a criminal offence, which carried a penalty of five years in prison for a adult
79
what theory links to ASBOs
labelling theory
80
what do labelling theorist argue about ASBOs
that labelling a person as a criminal or deviant can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy
81
how many people breached their ASBOs
58%
82
what did labelling theorist suggest abt ASBOs
it was like a "badge of honour" reinforcing rather than reducing their offending behaviour and leading to repeat offending
83
crime and policing act 2014 replaced with what
civil injunctions
criminal behaviour orders
84
what is the aim of civil injunctions
deal with low-level nuisance and annoyance
85
what can happen if someone breach there civil injunctions
can mean up to two years in prison for adults or three month detention order for under 18s
86
what are CBOs
criminal behaviour orders
87
what did CBOs replaced
ABSOs in 2014
88
what do CBOs focus on
more serious and persistent offenders
89
what do CBOs include
include both prohibitive and positive requirements, such as attending rehabilitation programmes
90
what must be the court when dealing with CBOs
must be satisfied, beyond reasonable doubt, that the offender has engaged in behaviour that caused, or was likely to cause, harassment, alarm or distress to any person
91
what must the court consider with CBOs
making the order will help in preventing the offender from engaging in such behaviour
92
how many years do you get in you breach your CBOs
5 years
93
examples of CBOs negative requirements
going to certain places
seeing certain people
engaging on certain behaviours
94
what are negative requirements for a CBOs
forbids a person from doing something
95
examples of positive requirements of CBOs
Join drug treatment
Join an alcohol treatment program
Take an anger management course
96
what are positive requirements for CBOs
can require a person to do something,positive to improve their behaviour
97
where were token economy systems implemented
prison
98
what are token economies
reward inmates for positive behaviour, encouraging compliance with rules
99
what can the privileges with token economy
additional visitation rights or access to recreational activities
100
what theory links to token economy
B.F. Skinner's Operant Conditioning theory
101
when was token economies introduced(IEP)
1995- reformed in 2018
102
how does token economy achieve social control (IEP)
obeying the rules ‘
interacting positively with staff and other inmates
Staying drug-free
103
what is the basic level -IEPs
limited privileges - min legal entitlements only
104
what is the standard level - IEPs
default level after induction; access to basic employment and visits
105
what is the enhanced level - IEPs
greater freedom - more visits, private cash, TV, longer association
106
what does IEP promote
conforming behaviour through rational choice
107
what does IEPs ensure
more disciplined and controlled environment which is safer for staff and prisoners
108
Do token economies work while inmates are in the institution?
Yes, studies show that token economies are effective in modifying behavior and promoting positive conduct while inmates are in the institution.
109
What happens to the desired behaviors when an offender leaves prison and the reinforcement from the token economy stops?
When the offender leaves prison and the reinforcement stops, the desired behaviors often disappear, indicating that the effects of the token economy may not be long-lasting outside the controlled environment.
110
with token economies how quickly do release offender return to crime
return to crime more slowly compared with those who have not undergoes the programmes
111
Do token economies help with prisoner rehabilitation or just managing behaviour in prison?
Token economies help make prisoners more manageable while in prison, but they do not necessarily address or meet the prisoners’ long-term rehabilitation needs.
112
examples of institutional tactics
Families
Schools
Workplaces
Religious organisations
Military organisations
Prisons
113
all institutions have what
rules about how their members must behave, along with punishments for breaking them and rewards for conforming
114
when courts sentence/punishment what can this both achieve
achieve both individual and general deterrencew
115
what is the aim for courts
put the convicted offender off repeating their crime and serve as a lesson to the public
116
what can courts used to rehab offender
use a community order to require offenders to rehabilitate, example drug addiction treatment
117
what does the courts aims enable
them to change their problem behaviour patterns
118
What does probation service supervise
the behaviour of offenders, whether serving a community sentence or released on licence
119
What happens if offenders fail to meet requirements of licence
they can be returned to prison or to court for resentencing
120
Who can create rules for prisons, and can prison governors add their own rules
Prison service was set of rules that apply to all prisons and A prison governor can ado further rules specific to their prison
121
Which offence do the prison rules cover
Offending, threatening or hurting someone.
Preventing staff from performing their jobs.
Escaping from prison
Using drugs and alcohol
Being Poseidon of forbidden items like a knife
122
What happens of they break the prison rules
Loss of earned privileges
Solitary confinement
Being prevented from working
Being prevented from receiving money earned from working
123
How long is solitary confinement
Up to 35 days but can be 42 days if it is a more serious crime
124
What is a phased discipline
It is a common way of attempting to achieve social control.
125
What happens in a phased discipline for a first offence
Whether in prison or wider society, often dealt with more leniently- receiving caution and conditional discharge
126
What happens for passed discipline they are repeated offender
Particularly of more serious, is likely to be met with stringer sanctions such as probation or prison in an attempt to deter future misbehaviour
127
Example of phased or staged discipline
Caution
128
What is a caution
Staged sanction that can be fixed by the police- CPS can also issue a caution for indictable offence
129
What is a conditional caution
It is requires an offender to comply with conditions, or an alternative to prosecution. The conditions that can be attached must be rehabilitative, reparative and or a finacical penalty
130
What is an absolute discharge
No punishment imposed; being taken to court is seen as sufficient
131
What is a conditional discharge
No immediate punishment unless another offence is committed within a set time
132
How many discharges were issued in 2021
29,000 representing 3% of total sentences
133
What can funding constraints can limit ( resources + budget cuts)
Led to reduced capacities in law enforcement and judicial agencies
134
How can funding resources limit
As it how much taxpayers are willing to pay for these agencies as opposed to the NHS
135
How much was the budget cut in 2010-2017
19% over 20,000 officers lost
136
How much as the prison budget drop by
16%
137
What will be effected with these funding constraints
Fewer investigations, slower court processes, strained prison conditions
138
Since the financial crisis in 2008 what has the GOV been spending
Cuts and re-organisation have also had an impact on state agencies, rescuing their effectiveness in maintaining social control
139
What has the DPP said about new tech
There was problem checking phones for evidence halved left to failures to disclose evidence and a fall in the number of rape and sexual offence charges
140
What did the CJS cant cope with new tech
With huge amount being generated by new tech
141
How does new tech impact the ability of agencies to achieve social control
New tech imposes an extra burden on criminal investigations, making it more difficult for agencies to achieve effective social control
142
Cost of new tech limits what
Using new tech such as DNA pricking also poses a limitation on the police’s ability to investigate offence
143
Case link to new tech
Liam Allan - didn’t go through phone which showed he was innocent
144
How many rapes cases are reported to the police
Abt 25% 1 in 4 cases
145
Why do white collar crime and corporate crime go underreported
Bc people may be aware they have been visitors of fraud
146
Example of police failing to record crime
Greater Manchester police 2020- failed to record 80,100 crimes in one year - including 1 in 4 violent incidents
147
Case link to unreported crime
Court of appeal has dismissed a legal challenge against the CPS over its polit on prosecuting serious sexual offences
148
What is a result of unrecorded crime that have been reported
Unlikely to be investigated. His majesty’s inspectorate of constabulary and fire & recuse service (HMICFRS) in estate this and produce reports on the number of recorded crimes
149
Existing laws how can that achieve social control
Only achieved where the are approvariate laws in place to begin with
150
What actions was made a law
Up skirting became a law as it happen so frequently that the police couldn’t do anything as it is a offence
151
What has the debate about with social media and crime
How much responsibilities platforms should have like facebook insta and X
152
Example of social media showing crime
A massacre of 51 Muslims in a mosque in Christchurch, New Zealand was live- streamed without any consequences
153
Social media is currently not able to be prosecuted for what
For material that is about crime and committing crime their sites Germany and Australia
154
Example of companies not complying to social media guidelines
In Australia fail to comply with the law and remove videos promoting barter and terrisom they may be liable for up to 3 years in prison
155
What did digital secretary Oliver dowden secretary Piti Patel announce regarding online safety under 2019 and 2022 Johnson Conservative government
They have announced the GOV’s final decisions on news laws aimed at making the UK a safe place online
