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Crim. Year 2 > AC 3.3 > Flashcards

AC 3.3 Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

if offenders do not rehabilitate what happens

A

continue to commit crime, then social control will not be achieved.

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2
Q

what is one of the reasons why prison population has grown

A

that prisoners offend again and go back to prison

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3
Q

recidivism can occur with any what

A

form of punishment

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4
Q

people who leave prison are now required to what

A

to be supervised in the community for a minimum of 12 months.

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5
Q

how many people served a sentence of less 12 months were recalled to prison in what year.

A

10,000 in the year to june 2023 over third (34%) more than than 2022

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6
Q

what was the percentage of prison population is now held in custody on recall

A

16%- 12,068. no is expected to rise but approxi 13% by 2026 to around 13,650

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7
Q

what a proven re-offence is defined as

A

any offence committed in a one year follow-up period that leads to a court conviction, caution, reprimand or warning.

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8
Q

what is the overall proven reoffending rate

A

25.5% for the Jan to March 2022 offender cohort

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9
Q

what is the adult offender had proven reoffending rate

A

25.1% - increase of 1.1 since the same quarter in 2021

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10
Q

what is the juvenile offenders had a proven offending rate

A

24.2%- increased by 3.1% from the same quarter in 2021

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11
Q

according to social learning, people engage in crime why

A

because of their association with others who engage in crime.
reinforced and they learn beliefs that are favourable to crime.

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12
Q

what is a consequence when they have criminal models that they associate with (social learning)

A

these individual come to view crime as something that is desirable, or at least justifiable in certain situations

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13
Q

how is it done when learning criminals have criminal or deviant behaviour is the same as learning to engage in conforming behaviour

A

it is done through association with or exposure to others. In fact, association with delinquent friends is the best predictor of delinquent behaviour other than prior delinquency

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14
Q

how effective are short prison sentence

A

less effective at reducing re offending than community orders for people committing the same type of crime.
prison sentence of less than 12 months there is a 63% of reoffending

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15
Q

what is the percentages of adults are reconvicted with one year of release

A

61% - for serving sentences of less than 12 months this increases to 63%

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16
Q

2019 study what was the estimated the annual total economic and social cost of reoffending

A

£18.1bn

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17
Q

what is the percentage of reconviction increases for people with more than 50 previous convictions

A

36%

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18
Q

community sentences is effective for who

A

people with mental health problem

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19
Q

short prison sentences are less effective than what

A

community sentences at reducing reoffending

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20
Q

why was short sentences introduced

A

this plan as a presumption against sentences 12 months or less, acknowledging they are ineffective at reducing reoffending, provide little deterrent and are costly

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21
Q

community sentence are particularly effective for who

A

people with many previous offences, people aged under 21 or over 50 and people with mental health problems yet, their use has more than halved in only a decade

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22
Q

how many people get a suspended sentence

A

account for only 4% of all sentences and have declined over the previous decade

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23
Q

what did public health England found about rehab

A

33% reduction in the number of offences committed in the two years following treatment .

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24
Q

what is percentage of people living their immediate family on release

A

57%

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25
what is the percentage of prisoners had been released in employment the year after custody
28%
26
what is a civil liberties and legal barriers
It is a basic rights and freedom granted to citizens of a county by law include freedom of speech, freedom of movement, freedom from arbitrary arrest, freedom of assembly, freedom of association and freedom of religious worship.
27
what is argued abt how civil liberties are designed
hey can limit the ability of agencies to achieve social control. This is exaggerated by the media.
28
what is the legislation for legal barriers - what does enforce
the human rights act 1998 enable us to enforce the rights that we have under the European convention on human rights (ECHR)
29
what article links to criminality and civil liberties (ECHR)
Article 6: right to a fair trial
30
example of civil liberties being a negative
Abu Qatada
31
what was the reason of abu qatada not being deported
because the convictions of his co-conspirators were overturned as it was feared that the evidence acquired was as a result of torture
32
what did the court concluded in Abu Qatada
his deportation to Jordan to be retried would given rise to a flagrant denial of justice in violation of article 6
33
what is another example of civil liberties
DNA database= Marper S and Marper v UK 2008
34
what happen in marper case
euro court decided that this case that keeping innocent people's DNA on a criminal register breached art 8, meaning if offend they will not have their DNA on the DB, so hareder to convict again
35
what is the art 8 ECHR cover
rights to respect for private and family life
36
how does conviction works under the protection of freedom act 2012
only those convicted of an offence have their DNA and fingerprint records retained indefinitely
37
what did chris sims say abt policing
a “profound impact” on policing Analysis of 200,000 DNA samples retained on the database between 2001 and 2005, which would have to destroyed under today’s rulings, showed that 8,500 profiles had been linked to crime scenes, among them 114 murders and 116 rapes, said Sims
38
what theory links to civil liberties
Marxism
39
why does Marxism link to civil liberties
These barriers preserve social inequalities and suppress the working class.
40
why is law necessary to protect who(Marxism)
such as protection of freedoms act 2012, are necessary to protect the working class from the ruling elite making arbitrary judgements about them
41
what did peter dawson say about the level of prison pop
‘chronic levels of overcrowding’ and ‘declining standards of safety and purposeful activity in our prisons’
42
what happens if prisoners do not have access to resources and support
this will limit their ability to rehabilitate and so will reduce the ability of the prison service to achieve social control.
43
what problems will prisoners face when they are released- access to resources
face problem, with finance, accommodation, employment or training
44
what is the percentage and how long of prisoners spending time outside cell
30% - less than two hours a days on an average weekday
45
what is the lowest percentage of education drop in prisoners
100% change in 2018-19 but is slowly increasing
46
what has HM prison and probation service has experienced in recent years
significant cuts to its budget
47
what the percentage has prison pop risen in the last 30 years
70% - projected to rise by around 19,000 people by 2026
48
what was the percentage of budget reduction in 2010-11
20%- increase in recent years- 4% in 2021-22, resource budget remains 6% lower real terms than 2010-11
49
what cost of reduced prison place (%)
15% in real terms between 2009-10 and 2019-20
50
what is overall annual cost of prison place in england and wales
£46,696
51
what is the percentage of prisoners having a mental illness
90%= one in 10 mental health issue
52
what is the percentage of people needed help with their mental health
more than ⅔ (67%)
53
what is percentage of people actually receive help in prison
only around ⅓ (35%)
54
what did the justice committee found about mental health in prisons
that around 10% of those in prison are receiving treatment for mental illness, with some prisons estimating as much as 70% of the population having some form of mental health need at any one time
55
how many people were transferred from prison to a secure hospital in 2021
1,095
56
what did ofsted say abt the education quality
extremely poor
57
what number of inspections of prisons and young institutions and what was standards of quality
2021-22, only one institution was judged to be providing education, work or skills at a reasonable standard
58
what the proven one year reoffending rate for prisoners learners, compared for people who don't get engage in leaning
34% for prisoner learners, compared to 43% for people who don’t engage in any form of learning
59
what is the percentages of people entering prison were assessed as having literacy skills expected of an 11 year old
64%- more than fours times higher than in general adult pop (15%)
60
what was the overall funding cut by
19%- compares to a 31% increase between 2000/1 and 2010/11
61
what was the percentage of funding for police and where from
2018/19 68% come from central GOV 32% local tax
62
what is effected by funding cuts
loss of police so less officers investigating and arresting
63
how many staff were cut from the funding cuts in CPS
1/3
64
what was the result of cuts in CPS
accused of downgrading charges so they can prosecute them more quickly and cheaply through the magistrates’ courts rather than crown court
65
how can affect the offenders with downgrading sentences in CPS
getting lighter sentences bc the magistrates' powers of sentencing are more limited not achieving social control
66
what was the percentage of cuts in HMPPS
20% in 2010/11 and 2014/15
67
what is reduction of average cost of prison place
by 15%
68
what is reduction of frontline operational staff
cut by 26% between 2010/17 bands 3-5
69
how much officers going to be recruit
further 2,500 officers by December 2018. Target was achieved, but there are still 10% fewer staff than there were in 2010
70
how many left prison service
52%- stayed role for less than three years
71
how much if a pay rise was recommended for prison officers
£3,000 pay rise for prison officers has been rejected by the gov. Spite of warnings that current salaries are insufficiently competitive and contributing to excessively high leaving rates, particularly amongst new recruits
72
how many men died in prison drug related
88 between 2008-16
73
how many death in prisons used or possessed psychoactive
117 deaths in the prison between June 2013 and Sept 2018
74
how many men and women were serving sentences that are drugs offences
1 in 6 men(16%)- 1 in 7 women (14%)
75
what was the one of problems arisen when service was split into two on 2013
with the NPS dealing with high risk offenders and the private community rehab companies managing law and medium risk offenders
76
what issues was with cut in funding in Probation(caseload)
high caseload and a shortage of probation officers which means that appointments with probation officers are only 10-15 minutes long and have been described as a ‘tick box exercise’
77
why was the GOV forced to restructure the ps agency
became so bad, NPS was abolished and the new probation service was launched in 2021 taking back control of rehabilitation
78
what was the new probation responsible of what
managing all those on a community order or licence following their release from prison in england and wales
79
what does new probation delivers what paid work
unpaid work and behavioural change programmes in england and wales
80
what does the specialist organisations probation play role in what
role in the probation system, delivery resettlement and rehabilitation services such as education, training and employment and accommodation
81
what was the national policy
between 2010 and 2015 the gov promoted a policy to tackle knife crime and gang crime, introducing new offences and allocating extra funds
82
example of local policies
In 2017 Sadiq Khan outlined policies to tackle hate crimes and boost anti-terror police numbers. The met police is prioritising violent crime in the light of knife crime figures
83
what happens if the police prioritising one crime
some offences then it means that others may not be investigated or dealt with properly.
84
what do people argue if police focus on soft crime
where the offender is easy to catch and deal with, making it easier for them to government targets
85
how did the CPS crackdown on hate crime
make sure the training accurately reflects the cases CPS lawyer are likely to be dealing with
86
what do the CPS made to do with case reviewing
review each other’s work and provide feedback on both open and closed cases
87
how does review cases regularly help (CPS)
helping them to learn from each other and deliver the best quality service
88
how does publishing public policy statement explain the CPS
explain how the CPS prosecute hate crime. These explain the process when prosecuting a hate crime and let victims and witnesses know what they can expect
89
how does working closely with partners across the CJS
help the public understand hate crime and what we can do to tackle it
90
what does the term environment refers to (Offenders)
home environment following their release
91
how can the environment of offenders house affect their reoffending rate
most likely make them reoffend
92
what happen if offender returns to their social circle that involves crime
likely to reoffend again
93
what happens if there is a lack of housing, employment, finance and education
makes it reoffending more likely
94
how many people had settled accommodation on release and were homeless
less than half of people had it in 2023/24- more than 1 in 10 (13%) were homless
95
how many people after 3 months had settled accommodation
over two-thirds (68%)
96
what is percentage of people that are released with accommodation and end back in custody
one-third of people released to settled accommodation ended up back in custody, compared to around two-thirds of people without it.
97
how many placements were there according to HMPPS community accommodation service
in 2023–24 — 48% more than the previous year. HMPPS has developed the service to provide up to 12 weeks of transitional accommodation after leaving prison.
98
what is a moral imperatives
is a strongly held principle that compels a person to act, even if this involves breaking the law
99
what happen in R v Owen 1992
is a strongly held principle that compels a person to act, even if this involves breaking the law
100
why was D acquitted in R v Owen 1992
jury shared a feelings of outrage
101
what happen in the coston four
accused of illegally removing a statue of Edward Colston have been cleared of criminal damage. during a BLM movement
102
what case links to assisted suicide
Kay Gilder Dale
103
what happen in Kay Gilder Dale
She admitted a charge of aiding and abetting her daughter's sucide, the charge of murder was cleared after the jury indicated strong sympathy for her case(jury equity)
104
why does Kay gilderdale link to functionalism
as people aren’t working and following the social boundaries.serves as a "safety valve" that allows for the release of social tension. When individuals with strong moral imperatives commit crimes, it might represent a form of protest against what they see as an unjust or immoral system.
105
what does functionalism allow in kay gilder Dale
allow society to address grievances or injustices before they escalate into more widespread unrest.

Crim. Year 2 (12 decks)

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