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Biochem Exam 3 > 32 - Amino Acid Synthesis > Flashcards

32 - Amino Acid Synthesis Flashcards

1
Q

Intermediate molecules from 3 pathways are used to synthesize amino acids. What is used from glycolysis? TCA cycle? Pentose phosphate pathway?

A

3-phosphoglycerate; Phosphoenolpyruvate; Pyruvate
Alpha-ketoglutarate; OAA
Ribose-5-phosphate; Erythrose-5-phosphate

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2
Q

Remember, only 10 of the 20 amino acids are synthesized de novo in humans. The rest are ________.

A

Essential

***PVT TIM HALL (FVW TIM HRKL)

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3
Q

Note that essential amino acids tend to be _________ syntheses.

A

Secondary

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4
Q

In amino acid syntheses, one mechanism is transamination reactions. Pyruvate is exchanged with ________ via SGPT. OAA is exchanged with _______ via SGOT. Alpha-ketoglutarate is exchanged with ________ via Glutamate Dehydrogenase.

A

Alanine
Aspartate
Glutamate

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5
Q

With Aspartate, Glutamine donates an ______ to Aspartate to form _________.

A

-NH3

Asparagine

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6
Q

In other organisms, Aspartate can be modified to create ________, ________, and ________. These reactions are tightly regulated by feedback inhibition.

A

Lysine
Methionine
Threonine

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7
Q

Glutamine synthetase converts _________ to Glutamine. Glutamine is formed in cells as a way to transport free _______ to the liver.

A

Glutamate

NH4+

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8
Q

Synthetases use ______, synthases do not.

A

ATP

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9
Q

Adenylylation is the addition of an…

A

AMP ribonucleotide

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10
Q

Adenylylation inactivates _______ _______.

A

Glutamine synthetase

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11
Q

Uridylylation is the addition of a…

A

UMP ribonucleotide

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12
Q

Feedback inhibition: Glutamine maintains PII in its inhibitory form (______).

A

-UMP

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13
Q

Feedforward activation: Alpha-ketoglutarate and ATP maintain PII in its activating form (______).

A

+UMP

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14
Q

Glutamine is formed in cells as a way to transport free NH4+ to the liver. After a couple reductions and a cyclization, _______ is formed. After one reduction and a transamination, ________ is formed. Remember, this is just Arginine minus urea.

A

Proline

Ornithine

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15
Q

3-phosphoglycerate undergoes three reactions to get to ________.

A

Serine

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16
Q

3-phosphoglycerate undergoes three reactions to get to Serine. Then with a little help from Vitamins B6 and B12, the side chain is removed from Serine, leaving behind ________.

A

Glycine

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17
Q

In humans, Serine is converted to Cysteine through a…

A

Homocysteine intermediate

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18
Q

Tyrosine is a catabolic intermediate of __________.

A

Phenylalanine

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19
Q

Aromatic amino acids are derived from intermediates originating in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway. Histidine is synthesized from ___________. Tryptophan, Phenylalanine, and Tyrosine synthesis begins by combining _________ and _________ to make Chorismate.

A

Ribose-5-phosphate

Erythrose-4-phosphate; Phosphoenolpyruvate

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20
Q

The branched amino acids Valine, Leucine, and Isoleucine are synthesized from _________. These three amino acids:

1) Have complex syntheses
2) Only exist to be incorporated into _________
3) Syntheses are regulated by feedback inhibition

A

Pyruvate

Proteins

21
Q

What are the 2 central amino acids that are able to convert to many different uses?

A

Glycine

Serine

22
Q

A glycine derivative is _______.

A

Heme

23
Q

Glycine and acetate are used to make heme. Acetate is converted to ________ prior to assembly. Animals and legumes make heme to facilitate the transport of ________. Heme is the main source of dietary _______.

A

Succinyl-CoA
Oxygen
Iron

24
Q

This is the term for deficiencies in heme synthesis.

A

Porphyria

25
Q

In porphyria (deficiency in heme synthesis), symptoms may vary by which protein is deficient. _______ enzyme deficiencies usually show symptoms related to pain and cardiac dysfunction. ________ enzyme deficiencies usually manifest as light-sensitivity and altered skin pigmentation.

A

Liver

Non-liver

26
Q

The Revolutionary War may have been won in part because England’s “Mad King George” suffered from…

A

Acute Intermittent Porphyria

27
Q

Pi orbitals in rings absorb photons, so if you change the ring, you change the gamma absorbed which changes the color transmitted. Heme is purple, Biliverdin is green, and Bilirubin is yellow. Each of these rings are changed, thus changing the colors we see with bruising! Remember, our eyes see the colors that are _________.

A

Transmitted

28
Q

Glutamate-Derived molecules include _________ which is an antioxidant, _________ which stabilize DNA, and ________ which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter (conversely, Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter itself).

A

Glutathione
Polyamines
GABA

29
Q

Arginine -Derived molecules include _______ _______ which is a free radical, and _______ _______.

A 
Nitric Oxide (NO) 
Creatine Phosphate
30
Q

NOS (Nitric Oxide Synthase) has 3 isozymes: _________ (cardiac signaling), ________, and ________ cell. It is tied to G-protein signal cascade. _________ releases 3 equivalents of NO.

A

Endothelial
Neuronal
Immune
Nitroglycerine

31
Q

The liver contains little Creatine Kinase, so it releases creatine into the bloodstream. Hydrolysis of the phosphate from Creatine Phosphate releases just about as much free energy as the hydrolysis of _______.

A

ATP

32
Q

Creatinine is excreted in _______.

A

Urine

33
Q

Synthesis of creatine uses more _______ than all other methylation reactions combined!

A

SAM

34
Q

This is a Methionine-Derived molecule and is the primary methyl donor in cells.

A

SAM (S-adenosylmethionine)

35
Q

This is a histidine-derived molecule. Histidine is decarboxylated with the help of pyridoxal phosphate to form _________.

A

Histamine

36
Q

Histamine has many roles:

– Promotes secretion of ______ and _______ in the stomach

– _________ at site of trauma/allergic reaction

– Neurotransmission

A

HCl
Pepsin
Vasodilation

37
Q

These are competitive inhibitors of histamine.

A

Antihistamines

38
Q

This is a tryptophan-derived molecule and is a neurotransmitter. It is also a precursor for melatonin (light-dark cycle regulator), a vasoconstrictor to help regulate blood pressure, helps to navigate NOS, and helps to regulate bone mass.

A

Serotonin

39
Q

Serotonylated proteins dictate the amount of ________ released from the pancreas.

A

Insulin

40
Q

Serotonin causes _________ to contract around food. Secretion of increased amounts of serotonin results in toxins being rapidly expelled from the body, in either direction.

A

Intestines

41
Q

__________ are derived from Tyrosine.

A

Catecholamines

42
Q

This is a tyrosine-derived molecule. __________ is adrenaline, the “stress hormone”. It causes vascular constriction, increasing blood pressure (reviving heart) and ceasing inflammation (allergy). __________ is a neurotransmitter.

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

43
Q

This is a tyrosine-derived molecule. _________ signaling abnormalities are hallmarks of Parkinson’s disease, Schizophrenia, drug addiction, and ADHD.

A

Dopamine

44
Q

What results from abnormal increased Dopamine?

A

Schizophrenia

Drug addiction

45
Q

What results from abnormal decreased Dopamine?

A

Parkinson’s Disease

ADHD

46
Q

______ can be modified to create Dopamine, or it can be acted upon by Tyrosinase to form _________ which is processed to form melanin pigments.

A

L-dopa

Dopaquinone

47
Q

Albinism is a deficiency in ________ (no pigments produced because L-dopa isn’t converted to Dopaquinone by this).

A

Tyrosinase

48
Q

Hair color is dictated by melanins. Dark hair is more _________ than _________, and light hair is more _________ than _________. Gray hair results from the cell death of melanin-producing cells.

A

Eumelanins; Pheomelanins

Pheomelanins; Eumelanins

Biochem Exam 3 (10 decks)

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