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Biochem Exam 3 > 33 - Integration of Metabolism > Flashcards

33 - Integration of Metabolism Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

***Study the 3 main decisions (Slides 4-6)

A

Study 5 minutes

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2
Q

What are the fuel reserves of the muscle?

A

Glycogen

Protein

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3
Q

What are the energy pathways of the muscle?

A

Beta-oxidation
Glycolysis
Proteolysis
Citric acid cycle

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4
Q

What are the fuel reserves of the liver?

A

Triacylglycerols

Glycogen

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5
Q

What are the energy pathways of the liver?

A

Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Beta-oxidation
Fatty acid synthesis

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6
Q

What are the fuel reserves the brain?

A

None

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7
Q

What are the energy pathways of the brain?

A

Glycolysis

Citric acid cycle

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8
Q

What are the fuel reserves of the heart?

A

None

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9
Q

What are the energy pathways of the heart?

A

Beta-oxidation

Citric acid cycle

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10
Q

What are the fuel reserves of the adipose tissue?

A

Triacylglycerols

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11
Q

What are the energy pathways of the adipose tissue?

A

Beta-oxidation

Triacylglycerol synthesis

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12
Q

What is the preferred fuel of the brain? During starvation?

A

Glucose

Ketone bodies

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13
Q

What is the preferred fuel of the skeletal muscle at rest?

A

Fatty acids

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14
Q

What is the preferred fuel of the skeletal muscle during exertion?

A

Glucose

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15
Q

What are the fuel producers?

A

1) Liver (glucose)
2) Adipocytes (fatty acids)
3) Kidneys (glucose – during starvation only)

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16
Q

What are the fuel consumers?

A

1) Skeletal muscle (glycogen – creatine phosphate – lactate)
2) Brain (glucose – ketone bodies)
3) Heart (fatty acids – lactate/ketone bodies)

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17
Q

The liver can store a day’s worth of fuel as ________, and its primary fuel is _______ _______, not glucose.

A

Glycogen

Fatty acids

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18
Q

In the liver during the fed state, there is an (INCREASE/DECREASE) in available glucose. This means there is an increased reaction rate of ________ and synthesis of fatty acids/TAG occurs.

A

Increase

Glucokinase

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19
Q

In the liver during the starving state, there is an (INCREASE/DECREASE) in available glucose. This means there is a decreased reaction rate of ________ and synthesis of ketone bodies occurs.

A

Decrease

Glucokinase

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20
Q

Glucokinase has a higher Km than _________ (vmax and saturation).

A

Hexokinase

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21
Q

Along with kidneys, the only organ to contain G6P (ability to “finish” gluconeogenesis) is the _______.

A

Liver

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22
Q

What are the only 2 organs that are able to convert back to glucose (gluconeogenesis).

A

Kidney

Liver

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23
Q

The liver lacks _________, meaning it can produce but not use ketone bodies.

A

CoA Transferase

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24
Q

Along with kidneys, the liver is the only organ to contain ______ cycle enzymes.

A

Urea

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25
Alcohol consumption tips the balance. Metabolizing alcohol to acetate oxidizes 2 ______ to 2 ______.
NAD+ | NADH
26
In ________ metabolization, less NAD+ means lowered gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, TCA cycle, Beta-oxidation and increased lactate + ketone bodies (acidosis) and TAG (fatty liver disease).
Alcohol
27
When we are _______, at the conclusion of the meal, influx of food stimulates energy production and storage.
Fed
28
When we are ________, greater than 1 hour after meal, preferred metabolic fuel stores are released for use.
Fasting
29
When we are ________, 4-5 days without food, shift to using fat stores (TAG) and derivatives (ketone bodies). Trying to prevent protein degradation.
Starving
30
With lipoproteins, the higher the density the more _______ there is than lipids.
Protein
31
What is the good lipoprotein? The bad?
HDL | LDL
32
If we have too much LDL in our body, _________ gets with ROS and oxidize LDLs. This makes them stick in vessels causing plaques.
Cholesterol
33
***Study slide 12
Study 5 minutes
34
_______ mimics starvation conditions.
Diabetes
35
In a normal response, insulin binding to insulin receptors activates downstream signaling pathways, leading to _______ uptake.
Glucose
36
In _______ diabetes, insulin is not produced by the pancreas, and blood glucose levels are high.
Type I
37
In _______ diabetes, insulin receptors do not activate downstream signaling pathways, and blood glucose levels are high.
Type II
38
Metabolism enzyme regulators are ______ and ______, which are Serine/Threonine kinases with opposite functions.
AMPK | mTOR
39
This is a Serine/Threonine protein kinase that is off when the cell is in a fed state.
AMPK (AMP-Activated Protein Kinase)
40
AMPK is activated by increased ______, which signifies that energy charge of cell is low and ATP is low.
AMP
41
AMPK is inhibited by increased ______, which signifies that energy charge of the cell is high.
ATP
42
AMPK activates enzymes in energy-_______ (_______) pathways.
Producing | Catabolic
43
AMPK inactivates enzymes in energy-________ (_______) pathways.
Requiring | Anabolic
44
This is a Serine/Threonine protein kinase and is turned on when the cell is in a fed state.
mTOR (mammalian target of Rapamycin)
45
The activator of mTOR is...
Insulin
46
The inhibitor of mTOR is...
AMPK
47
mTOR activates enzymes in energy-_______ (_______) pathways.
Requiring | Anabolic
48
mTOR inactivates enzymes in energy-_______ (_______) pathways.
Producing | Catabolic
49
AMPK is heterotrimeric (3 peptide subunits). The ______ subunit has an N-terminus kinase domain and C-terminus is phosphorylated (by Threonine). The _______ subunit is the structural component. The _______ subunit binds 4 AMPs (allosteric site -- if ATP binds then it's inhibited).
Alpha Beta Gamma
50
AMPK activates PPARy Coactivator 1A, which is the same as _______.
PGC-1A
51
The function of _______ are to deacetylate lysine by using NAD+ as a redox sensor. It is activated when NAD+ is high and NADH is low, inactivated in the reverse.
Sirtuins
52
Sirtuins are important for PGC-1A because it deacetylates Lysine and leads to transcriptional activation. The end result is increased _________ in the liver and increased _______ _______ oxidation in skeletal muscle and heart.
Gluconeogenesis | Fatty acid
53
PPAR has ______ isozymes.
Four
54
This PPAR isozyme stimulates fatty acid oxidation in the liver and skeletal muscle.
PPAR-alpha
55
This PPAR isozyme stimulates lipid synthesis and improves insulin sensitivity in liver and adipose tissue.
PPAR-gamma
56
This PPAR isozyme increases rates of fatty acid oxidation and thermogenesis in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. It stimulates flux through the pentose phosphate pathway.
PPAR-delta
57
This hormone signals the fed state to decrease blood glucose level, increase fuel storage, and increase cell growth and differentiation.
Insulin
58
This hormone signals the fasting state to increase glucose release from the liver, increase blood glucose levels, and increase ketone bodies as alternative fuel for the brain.
Glucagon
59
This hormone signals stress to increase glucose release from the liver, and increase blood glucose level.
Epinephrine
60
This hormone is released from the pancreas and is a blood glucose sensor. Its actions delineate the fed state.
Insulin
61
This hormone is released from adipocytes and is a TAG store sensor. Its actions delineate the full state.
Leptin
62
T/F. Leptin and insulin work in concert.
True
63
_______ and ________ are peptide hormones that signal the full state, like leptin. But, these hormones action is brief and leptin action is longer.
CCK (Cholecystokinins) | GLP1 (Glucagon-like Peptide 1)
64
_________ neurons disseminate fed/full signals from Leptin and Insulin.
Anorexigenic (reduces appetite)
65
_________ neurons disseminate hungry signals from Ghrelin, Adiponectin, and PYY 3-36.
Orexigenic (induces appetite)
66
This hormone is slow-acting, for periods of prolonged stress. It has tissue-specific actions and is a cholesterol derivative.
Cortisol
67
Cortisol induces adipocytes to release...
Fatty acids
68
Cortisol induces skeletal muscle to...
Protein degradation and export amino acids
69
Cortisol induces the liver to increase ________ _______ and thus increase _________.
Pyruvate carboxylase | Gluconeogenesis

Biochem Exam 3 (10 decks)

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