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Biochem Exam 3 > 33 - Integration of Metabolism > Flashcards

33 - Integration of Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

***Study the 3 main decisions (Slides 4-6)

A

Study 5 minutes

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2
Q

What are the fuel reserves of the muscle?

A

Glycogen

Protein

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3
Q

What are the energy pathways of the muscle?

A

Beta-oxidation
Glycolysis
Proteolysis
Citric acid cycle

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4
Q

What are the fuel reserves of the liver?

A

Triacylglycerols

Glycogen

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5
Q

What are the energy pathways of the liver?

A

Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Beta-oxidation
Fatty acid synthesis

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6
Q

What are the fuel reserves the brain?

A

None

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7
Q

What are the energy pathways of the brain?

A

Glycolysis

Citric acid cycle

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8
Q

What are the fuel reserves of the heart?

A

None

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9
Q

What are the energy pathways of the heart?

A

Beta-oxidation

Citric acid cycle

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10
Q

What are the fuel reserves of the adipose tissue?

A

Triacylglycerols

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11
Q

What are the energy pathways of the adipose tissue?

A

Beta-oxidation

Triacylglycerol synthesis

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12
Q

What is the preferred fuel of the brain? During starvation?

A

Glucose

Ketone bodies

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13
Q

What is the preferred fuel of the skeletal muscle at rest?

A

Fatty acids

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14
Q

What is the preferred fuel of the skeletal muscle during exertion?

A

Glucose

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15
Q

What are the fuel producers?

A

1) Liver (glucose)
2) Adipocytes (fatty acids)
3) Kidneys (glucose – during starvation only)

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16
Q

What are the fuel consumers?

A

1) Skeletal muscle (glycogen – creatine phosphate – lactate)
2) Brain (glucose – ketone bodies)
3) Heart (fatty acids – lactate/ketone bodies)

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17
Q

The liver can store a day’s worth of fuel as ________, and its primary fuel is _______ _______, not glucose.

A

Glycogen

Fatty acids

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18
Q

In the liver during the fed state, there is an (INCREASE/DECREASE) in available glucose. This means there is an increased reaction rate of ________ and synthesis of fatty acids/TAG occurs.

A

Increase

Glucokinase

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19
Q

In the liver during the starving state, there is an (INCREASE/DECREASE) in available glucose. This means there is a decreased reaction rate of ________ and synthesis of ketone bodies occurs.

A

Decrease

Glucokinase

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20
Q

Glucokinase has a higher Km than _________ (vmax and saturation).

A

Hexokinase

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21
Q

Along with kidneys, the only organ to contain G6P (ability to “finish” gluconeogenesis) is the _______.

A

Liver

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22
Q

What are the only 2 organs that are able to convert back to glucose (gluconeogenesis).

A

Kidney

Liver

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23
Q

The liver lacks _________, meaning it can produce but not use ketone bodies.

A

CoA Transferase

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24
Q

Along with kidneys, the liver is the only organ to contain ______ cycle enzymes.

A

Urea

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25
Q

Alcohol consumption tips the balance. Metabolizing alcohol to acetate oxidizes 2 ______ to 2 ______.

A

NAD+

NADH

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26
Q

In ________ metabolization, less NAD+ means lowered gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, TCA cycle, Beta-oxidation and increased lactate + ketone bodies (acidosis) and TAG (fatty liver disease).

A

Alcohol

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27
Q

When we are _______, at the conclusion of the meal, influx of food stimulates energy production and storage.

A

Fed

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28
Q

When we are ________, greater than 1 hour after meal, preferred metabolic fuel stores are released for use.

A

Fasting

29
Q

When we are ________, 4-5 days without food, shift to using fat stores (TAG) and derivatives (ketone bodies). Trying to prevent protein degradation.

A

Starving

30
Q

With lipoproteins, the higher the density the more _______ there is than lipids.

A

Protein

31
Q

What is the good lipoprotein? The bad?

A

HDL

LDL

32
Q

If we have too much LDL in our body, _________ gets with ROS and oxidize LDLs. This makes them stick in vessels causing plaques.

A

Cholesterol

33
Q

***Study slide 12

A

Study 5 minutes

34
Q

_______ mimics starvation conditions.

A

Diabetes

35
Q

In a normal response, insulin binding to insulin receptors activates downstream signaling pathways, leading to _______ uptake.

A

Glucose

36
Q

In _______ diabetes, insulin is not produced by the pancreas, and blood glucose levels are high.

A

Type I

37
Q

In _______ diabetes, insulin receptors do not activate downstream signaling pathways, and blood glucose levels are high.

A

Type II

38
Q

Metabolism enzyme regulators are ______ and ______, which are Serine/Threonine kinases with opposite functions.

A

AMPK

mTOR

39
Q

This is a Serine/Threonine protein kinase that is off when the cell is in a fed state.

A

AMPK (AMP-Activated Protein Kinase)

40
Q

AMPK is activated by increased ______, which signifies that energy charge of cell is low and ATP is low.

A

AMP

41
Q

AMPK is inhibited by increased ______, which signifies that energy charge of the cell is high.

A

ATP

42
Q

AMPK activates enzymes in energy-_______ (_______) pathways.

A

Producing

Catabolic

43
Q

AMPK inactivates enzymes in energy-________ (_______) pathways.

A

Requiring

Anabolic

44
Q

This is a Serine/Threonine protein kinase and is turned on when the cell is in a fed state.

A

mTOR (mammalian target of Rapamycin)

45
Q

The activator of mTOR is…

A

Insulin

46
Q

The inhibitor of mTOR is…

A

AMPK

47
Q

mTOR activates enzymes in energy-_______ (_______) pathways.

A

Requiring

Anabolic

48
Q

mTOR inactivates enzymes in energy-_______ (_______) pathways.

A

Producing

Catabolic

49
Q

AMPK is heterotrimeric (3 peptide subunits). The ______ subunit has an N-terminus kinase domain and C-terminus is phosphorylated (by Threonine). The _______ subunit is the structural component. The _______ subunit binds 4 AMPs (allosteric site – if ATP binds then it’s inhibited).

A

Alpha
Beta
Gamma

50
Q

AMPK activates PPARy Coactivator 1A, which is the same as _______.

A

PGC-1A

51
Q

The function of _______ are to deacetylate lysine by using NAD+ as a redox sensor. It is activated when NAD+ is high and NADH is low, inactivated in the reverse.

A

Sirtuins

52
Q

Sirtuins are important for PGC-1A because it deacetylates Lysine and leads to transcriptional activation. The end result is increased _________ in the liver and increased _______ _______ oxidation in skeletal muscle and heart.

A

Gluconeogenesis

Fatty acid

53
Q

PPAR has ______ isozymes.

A

Four

54
Q

This PPAR isozyme stimulates fatty acid oxidation in the liver and skeletal muscle.

A

PPAR-alpha

55
Q

This PPAR isozyme stimulates lipid synthesis and improves insulin sensitivity in liver and adipose tissue.

A

PPAR-gamma

56
Q

This PPAR isozyme increases rates of fatty acid oxidation and thermogenesis in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle. It stimulates flux through the pentose phosphate pathway.

A

PPAR-delta

57
Q

This hormone signals the fed state to decrease blood glucose level, increase fuel storage, and increase cell growth and differentiation.

A

Insulin

58
Q

This hormone signals the fasting state to increase glucose release from the liver, increase blood glucose levels, and increase ketone bodies as alternative fuel for the brain.

A

Glucagon

59
Q

This hormone signals stress to increase glucose release from the liver, and increase blood glucose level.

A

Epinephrine

60
Q

This hormone is released from the pancreas and is a blood glucose sensor. Its actions delineate the fed state.

A

Insulin

61
Q

This hormone is released from adipocytes and is a TAG store sensor. Its actions delineate the full state.

A

Leptin

62
Q

T/F. Leptin and insulin work in concert.

A

True

63
Q

_______ and ________ are peptide hormones that signal the full state, like leptin. But, these hormones action is brief and leptin action is longer.

A

CCK (Cholecystokinins)

GLP1 (Glucagon-like Peptide 1)

64
Q

_________ neurons disseminate fed/full signals from Leptin and Insulin.

A

Anorexigenic (reduces appetite)

65
Q

_________ neurons disseminate hungry signals from Ghrelin, Adiponectin, and PYY 3-36.

A

Orexigenic (induces appetite)

66
Q

This hormone is slow-acting, for periods of prolonged stress. It has tissue-specific actions and is a cholesterol derivative.

A

Cortisol

67
Q

Cortisol induces adipocytes to release…

A

Fatty acids

68
Q

Cortisol induces skeletal muscle to…

A

Protein degradation and export amino acids

69
Q

Cortisol induces the liver to increase ________ _______ and thus increase _________.

A

Pyruvate carboxylase

Gluconeogenesis

Biochem Exam 3 (10 decks)

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