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GI > Histology of Esophagus and stomach > Flashcards

Histology of Esophagus and stomach Flashcards

1
Q

Four general layers o tube from lumen out?

A

mucosa (mucous membrane)

submucosa

muscularis externa

adventitia

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2
Q

_________________:

lining of internal passages

barrier between tissues & external environment

thin enough for absorption and/or secretion

supplemental mucus glands common in CT (for lubrication

A

Mucosa

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3
Q

3 layers of mucosa?

A

epithelium

lamina propria

muscularis mucosae

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4
Q

__________________:

loose CT underlying and supporting epithelium

contains: small vessels & lymphatics
nerves
mucosal glands may be present
varying amounts of lymphoid tissue

A

lamina propria of Mucosa in gut tube

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5
Q

_____________:

consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle (when present)

inner circular layer

outer longitudinal layer

3rd layer sometimes present (i.e. stomach)

luminal and longitudinal (or oblique)

permits localized movement of mucous membrane

A

Muscularis mucosae of the gut tube

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6
Q

_________________:

provides mobility for mucosa

contains:

              plexuses of larger blood vessels
  lymphatics
  nerves   parasympathetic ganglia (Meissners plexus)   submucosal glands in some regions   (esophagus and duodenum)
A

Submucosa of the gut tube

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7
Q

What is Meissners plexus? What layer is it in?

A

Parasympathetic ganglia

submucosa

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8
Q

What layer is Auerbach’s plexus found in?

A

Muscularis Externa

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9
Q

What does muscularis externa do?

A

maintains tonus in tube
propels luminal contents onward

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10
Q

How many layers of muscle are in the muscularis externa?

A

2 layers

inner circular layer
outer longitudinal layer

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11
Q

Is there adventitia in the esophagus?

A

No, only serosa

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12
Q

_________:

outermost coat of dense connective tissue

often blends with CT of surrounding area

A

Adventitia

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13
Q

____________:

hollow organs within or projecting into cavity covered with peritoneum

single layer of mesothelial cells

entire coat then called a serosa

  large vessels and nerves found here
A

Serosa

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14
Q

What does epithelial lining of GI tract arise from?

A

endoderm

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15
Q

CT & smooth muscle are derived from?

A

mesoderm

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16
Q

How does the surface area of the GI tract change as you progress through it?

A

surface area (of lumen) increases

first by: invaginations (pits)

then by: invaginations (now called crypts)
evaginations (villi)

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17
Q

Characterize the musculature of the regions of the GI tract

A

upper third: mostly Sk. muscle

mid third: sk. and sm. muscle

lower third: mostly sm. muscle

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18
Q

What is unique about the muscle of the upper and mid esophagus?

A

It is involuntary skeletal muscle

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19
Q

What percentage of nutrients and water is absorbed in the esophagus?

A

Zero

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20
Q

What does the stomach absorb?

(5)

A

some salts
water
glucose
alcohol
drugs

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21
Q

Into what regions is the stomach divided into?

A

body
fundus
cardium
pylorus

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22
Q

The duodenum is retroperitoneal, how long is it? What ducts enter it?

A

10-12 inches

bile & pancreatic ducts enter

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23
Q

The jejunum is peritoneal, how long is it?

A

two-fifths (» 8ft)

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24
Q

The ileum is peritoneal, how long is it?

A

remaining three-fifths (»12ft)

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25
Q

________:

site of digestion/absorption
transport food from stomach to colon
secrete enzymes & certain hormones

divided into three parts

A

Small intestine

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26
Q

____________:

principal site of water resorption

dehydration of chyme

produces mucous secretion

some digestion

continued enzyme & bacterial activity

Fecal storage

A
27
Q

What are the 6 portions of the large intestine? Identify which are peritoneal and retroperitoneal.

A

ascending - retroperitoneal

transverse - peritoneal

descending - retroperitoneal

sigmoid - retroperitoneal

28
Q

__________________:

structure similar to colon, but:

muscularis externa of rectum is complete

mucosal folds bulge into lumen

numerous goblet cells
occasional enteroendocrine cells

connects to anal canal

A

Rectum

29
Q

What is the density of goblet cells in the stomach?

A

0 goblet cells/cm2

30
Q

________: connects rectum to anus

A

anal canal

31
Q

___________:

epithelial change or demarcation from simple columnar to strat. squamous, wet.

divides the upper two thirds and lower third of the anal canal

A

Pectinate line (A.K.A - dentate line or mucocutaneous line)

32
Q

_____________:

epithelium

stratified squamous non-cornified epithelium
very thick

rests on a relatively acellular CT

A

Esophageal mucosa

33
Q

______________:

boundary provides better attachment for epithelium
peg =downward projections of epithelium
papillae = upward projections of connective tissue

A

Esophageal lamina propria

34
Q

What does the lamina propria of the esophagus contain?

A

scattered lymphatic nodules
cardiac esophageal glands (mucous-secreting)

35
Q

Esophageal muscularis mucosae (muscular layer) is well developed & may contain several layers of _______ and
some

A

smooth muscle

elastic fibers

36
Q

Identify

A

Esophageal

Mucosa epithelium

lamina propria

muscularis mucosae

37
Q

_______:

thrown into longitudinal folds
characteristic star-shaped outline to lumen (x-section)
folds allow lumen to dilate for passage of food bolus

esophageal glands scattered throughout submucosa
secrete mucous via ducts passing through mucosa

A

Esophageal submucosa

38
Q

_________________:

smooth/skeletal ratio gradually increases
upper esophagus
mostly skeletal muscle

middle esophagus
skeletal & smooth muscle

lower esophagus
smooth muscle increases
finally, no skeletal muscle

A

Muscularis Externa

39
Q

Is there adventitia in esophagus?

A

Yes, if I didn’t fix the other slide then disregard it. There is adventitia in esophagus. No serosa.

Dr. Choudry misspoke

40
Q

Identify

A

Submucosa

muscularis externa

adventitia

41
Q

_________:

transition from esophagus to stomach
sudden change from stratified squamous to simple columnar epithelium

A

cardioesophageal junction

42
Q

What are the three histologic regions of the stomach?

A

Cardia

Fundus

Pylorus

43
Q

________________:

largely serosa

mucosa very thick

epithelium

simple columnar epithelium

mucous-secreting cells (not goblet cells)

invaginates to line gastric pits

filled with many gastric glands

open to surface via gastric pits

gastric pits are tubular crevices

A

Stomach

44
Q

____________:

occupies slit-like spaces
between gastric glands and pits

A

Lamina propria of the stomach

45
Q

What is the muscularis mucosa like in the stomach? Where is it present?

A

Very thin

present at level of base of glands

46
Q

_________:

extends into rugae

contains: blood and lymph vessels
peripheral nerves
CT cells

A

Submucosa of stomach

47
Q

There are three layers of the muscularis externa in the stomach. What are they? What are their orientations?

A

inner layer - runs obliquely, incomplete

middle layer – circular orientation

continuous w/ inner m. layer of gut tube
thick at pylorus to form sphincter

outer layer - longitudinal orientation

continuous w/ outer m. layer of gut tube

48
Q

_________: visceral peritoneum covers loose CT of the stomach continuous with greater & lesser mesenteries

A

Outer tunic - serosal layer

49
Q

____________:

narrow, ring-shaped area around esophageal opening

gastric pits extend »1/4 to 1/2 depth of mucosa

cardiac gastric glands empty into base of each pit

A

Cardiac region of stomach

50
Q

What are the two types of cells present in the cardiac region of the stomach?

A

surface mucous cell
on mucosal surface
lining gastric pits

undifferentiated cells
in base of pits

in neck of glands

51
Q

_______:

largest area, proximal »2/3 of stomach

includes fundus and body

gastric pits extend down 1/4 to 1/3 of mucosa
each pit yields 3-7 gastric glands

gastric glands long & straight

A

Fundic region of the stomach

52
Q

What iare the four cell types of the fundic region? Where are they found?

A

mucous neck cell

mainly found in neck of gland

parietal cells

some scattered cells in neck

more toward base

zymogenic chief cells

mainly found in base

enteroendocrine cells (argentaffin cells)

few in number, mainly in base

53
Q

_______________:

distal 1/3 of stomach

gastric pits extend 1/2 depth of mucosa

pyloric glands are short, coiled

contain a mucous-secreting cell type

similar to the mucous neck cell

gastrin producing cells

common in pyloric glands

also in proximal part of duodenum

A

Pyloric region

54
Q

How many goblet cells would we find in the intestine?

A

Lots

55
Q

What type of cells secrete basic mucus?

A

None, until the intestine. They secrete acidic or neutral mucus only

56
Q

What cell types secrete acidic mucus?

A

mucous neck cells

57
Q

__________:

flattened basal nuclei

secretion granules and microvilli are apical

produce acidic mucus

differ structurally from surface mucous cells

A

mucous neck cells

58
Q

________________:

large, round or triangular, cells with dark, central nuclei

cytoplasm stains pink to red with H & E

smooth ER prominent in cytoplasm

microvilli and intracellular canaliculi present

A

Parietal cells

59
Q

What do parietal cells produce? What do these things do?

A

hydrochloric acid

activates acid-dependent enzymes

** intrinsic factor**

required for absorption of vitamin B12

vitamin B12 essential for hemopoiesis

60
Q

Where do gastric enteroendocrine cells secrete their products?

A

into the lamina propria

61
Q

________________:

resemble salivary serous cells in appearance

pale staining with H & E

oval nuclei and mitochondria are basal in location

apical, secretion granules (often poorly preserved)

microvilli are present

much rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

produce enzymes found in gastric juice

pepsin (pepsinogen)

begins digestion of proteins (in acid medium)

lipase

initiates fat digestion

A

Chief cells

62
Q

_______________:

present throughout entire GI tract

but not so numerous in gastric mucosa
(very common in small intestine)

in gastric glands
lie between chief cells and BM
not all seem to reach lumen

endocrine function
note polarization of secretion granules

A

Gastric enteroendocrine cells

63
Q

What do gastric enteroendocrine cells synhtesize/secrete?

A

gastrin
somatostatin
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)

glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

[formerly gastric inhibitory peptide]

64
Q
A

GI (26 decks)

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