3.2.1.4 Global governance Flashcards
(72 cards)
1
Q
Global issues which require global governance
A
- Conflict
- Trade agreements
- Pandemics, healthcare
- Poverty
- Climate change
- Protection of the environment
- Human rights
2
Q
What are the aims of global governance
A
To promote:
- Growth
- Stability
3
Q
Issues with global governance
A
- Accepted ‘norms’ vary between cultures- hard to agree on what is acceptable
- countries may interpret laws differently
- global institutions strongly linked to richer countries- inequalities and biases
- LDCs may lack impact on global governance
4
Q
What is a norm
A
- An acceptance of certain attitudes, practices and regulation as valid and ‘normal’
5
Q
Who generally determines global norms
A
- Wealthier Western nations
6
Q
What are global norms mainly based around
A
- Capitalist economies
- Free markets
- Democracy
7
Q
What is international law
A
- The law that sets out the rules that apply to the relationship between states
- Also sets rules on issues that states have agreed are of international importance
8
Q
Issues of managing and enforcing international laws
A
- Nobody to enforce laws
- countries have different interests/norms
- countries have sovereignty of land- not willing to give up
9
Q
What are institutions
A
- Political and legal organisations which exist to pass and enforce laws, and decide whether a law has been broken
10
Q
3 main institutions
A
- WTO
- IMF
- World bank
11
Q
Examples of actors in global governance
A
- Nation states
- TNCs
- NGOs
- International institutions
12
Q
Examples of NGOs
A
- WWF
- Oxfam
- Wateraid
13
Q
What is acting reactively
A
- Putting into place/ responding to an event or initiative
14
Q
What is acting proactively
A
- Lobbying for change
- Support others who want change
- Facilitating change
15
Q
Example of reactive acting
A
- UK govt’s recent support for renewable energy sources to reduce dependence on fossil fuels as response to EU laws on dirty power
16
Q
Example of proactive acting
A
- Permanent members in UN security council taking leadership roles in conflict resolution
17
Q
How many member states in UN
A
- 193
18
Q
What happened after MDGs were achieved in 2015
A
- A new agenda 2030 was agreed with a set of 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs)
19
Q
Criticization of UN
A
- Lack of agreement leading to subsequent inaction on many issues
- Limited power to enforce compliance of regulations
- Organisation and funding means more powerful nations can set the agenda for own self interest
20
Q
What is the United Nations security council
A
- Branch of UN, with the role to ensure peace and security around the world
- Only UN body with power to issue binding resolutions on countries
21
Q
Who are the 5 permanent nations of the UNSC
A
- USA
- France
- UK
- Russia
- China
22
Q
Who else can be in UNSC
A
- 10 further nations, which are replaced after 2 years
23
Q
What does the power of the ‘veto’ mean
A
- 5 permanent members of UNSC can block (veto) any resolution that they didn’t agree with
24
Q
What is the international court of Justice (ICJ)
A
- Main judicial body of the UN
- Can settle disputes between states in accordance to international law by producing a binding ruling between 2 states that have agreed to abide by the ruling of the court
25
How is the ICJ organised
- 15 permanent judges which have been selected by the UN general assembly, and each serve for 9 years
26
Issues with ICJ
- Not all countries agree to follow the rulings of the court
27
What happens if a UNSC member breaks international law
- Would go to ICJ
- If country disagrees with ICJ ruling, it would go to UNSC to enforce ruling
- Member able to use their veto against any enforcement action
28
Example of UNSC member breaking international law
- Nicaragua vs US in 1986
- Nicaraguan government accused USA of supporting right wing rebel group trying to overthrow the govt
- ICJ ruled USA had violated international law and awarded reparations to Nicaragua
- US refused to participate and used veto to block enforcement of the ruling
29
What is the responsibility of the UN general assembly
- To develop good relations and co-operation between nations
- Settling disputes through ICJ
30
Issues with UN general assembly
- Each country has representative, but UN relies funding from more developed nations, leading to issues of impartiality
- Hard to come to a unanimous decision with so many members
31
What is the responsibility of the World health organisation (WHO)
- Manage international public health issues by combating spread of diseases
- Monitor outbreaks
32
Name 5 Sustainable development goals (SDGs)
- No poverty
- No hunger
- Good health and wellbeing
- Quality education
- Gender equality
- Clean water and sanitation
- Affordable and clean energy
- Decent work and economic growth
- Industry, innovation and infrastructure
- Reduced inequalities
- Sustainable cities and communities
- Responsible consumption and production
- Climate action
- Life below water
- Life on land
- Peace, justice and strong institutions
- Partnership for the goals
33
How many SDGs are there
- 17
34
How were SDGs decided
- Using 'my world' survey, which 9.7 million people voted for their most important goal
- Integrated people unlike MDGs
35
Success of SDGs thus far
- Largest every global survey
- People-centred and planet-centred goals
36
Failures of SGDs
- 73/193 members stats have no data since 2000- no baseline to monitor progress
- Very little data for poorer countries who cannot afford to collect it properly
- TNCs not given role- still only care about profit maximisation
- Goals conflict with each other
37
Main function of UN peacekeepers
- Save lives
- To achieve peace agreements
- Reduce risk of civil war
38
How did the idea of UN peacekeeping get established
- Dr Ralphe Bunche had the role of sending impartial soldiers to areas of conflict at the invitation of conflicting parties, to deter people from becoming involved in the conflict
39
How did UN peacekeeping efforts help Namibia
- Educated people about elections, as they hadn't had one in 105 years
- Ensured their election was fair/successful
40
Other successes of UN peacekeepers
- Opening compounds in South Sudan during civil war to hundreds of thousands, providing sanctuary amid intense violence
- Help to clear landmines meaning people can live and farm on land
41
Injustices caused by UN peacekeepers
- Some UN peacekeepers found to commit acts of sexual abuse and violence- entire platoons sent home
- EG Heiti, Central Africa republic, DR Congo
42
How did UN respond to issues caused by peacekeepers
- Raised over $4 million to support the victims
43
What does the IMF do
- Regulates financial flows and stabilises global monetary system
- Offers financial and technical assistance to its members- employs economists who monitor economy of members
- Provides 'bail out' loans- lender of last resort
- Financial reserves drawn from quota subscriptions of 189 members
44
What does the world bank do
- Promotes reduction of poverty by providing assistance for development
- Provides long term development loans for development projects
- Provides interest free loans to countries with very low incomes
- Encourages and advises start up enterprises in developing nations
- Assistance is long term and financed by the wealthiest nations through issuing of bonds
45
Criticisms of world bank
- Funding large top down projects which have not helped reduce poverty
- Conditions attached to world bank loans insist of reproduction of capitalist and free market trade models- don't always help reduce poverty
46
Criticisms of IMF
- Funded by members- influence determined by wealth
- Been known to impose severe cuts on spending by govt in developing countries
- Rescue loans eventually have to be paid back at high interest rates
47
What does bottom up mean
- Local people are consulted and supported in making decisions to undertake projects or developments that meet one or more of their needs
48
What does top down mean
- Decision to undertake projects or developments is made by central authority such as govt with little or no consultation with the locals who it affects
49
What are structural adjustment programmes (SAPs)
- Loans provided by IMF and WB to countries that experienced economic crises
- Generally implement free market programmes and policy
50
Criticisms of SAPs
- Conditionality clauses attached to loans have negative impact on social sector
- Countries that fail to enact these programmes may be subject to severe fiscal discipline
- Financial threats to poor countries amount to blackmail, and so they have no choice to comply
- Assist reproduction of capitalist and free market systems
51
What is the WTO
- A forum for governments to negotiate trade agreements
52
Functions of WTO
- Aims to promote free trade on a global scale
- Set procedures of setting disputes
- WTO agreements cover goods, services and intellectual property
53
Issues with the WTO
- Developing nations unable to have their voices heard
- Sets rules of global trade, but is dominated by larger, richer developed countries
- Trying to get 162 member states to agree on anything is challenging
54
Successes of WTO
- Bilateral agreement reached between EU and Latin American counties to end a long standing dispute about Banana trade
- Bali package is the first multilateral agreement in nearly 20 years- removed red tape in customs procedures
55
What is multi scalar power
- The ability to influence behaviour and attitude through interactions at different scales, to encourage or prevent change
56
What is the Central aim of Paris climate agreement
- Keep global temp rise this century to well below 2 degrees C above pre industrial levels and limit temp increase to 1.5 degrees C
57
What did lack of govt action to impose climate measures lead to
- School strike for climate - 1.5 million schoolchildren didn't go to school, lead by Greta Thunberg
58
What is COP28
- Conference of parties
59
What was agreed at COP28
- The need to transition away from fossil fuels in energy systems- UK, EU US all want to phase out fossil fuels
- Targets to triple renewable energy capacity and double rate of efficiency by 2030
60
What is sustainable development
- Development that reaches the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations
61
What was agenda 21
- UN non binding agreement which was seen as blueprint for sustainable development in the early part of 21st century
62
Importance of Agenda 21
- 178 govts signed up
- Allowed for action to be cascaded down from global agencies down to a local scale in order to influence individuals
- Seen as a top down approach, that influence a bottom up response
63
What is the role of NGOs in global governance
- Democratise decision making (encouraging govts to use bottom up approaches)
- Protect human rights
- Provide essential services such as food, water or medical help
64
What are operational NGOs
- Those providing frontline support services to the needy
- They tend too raise money for each project they undertake
65
What are Advocacy NGOs
- Those who focus on campaigns to raise awareness to gain support for a cause
- Derive money from donations and subscriptions
66
Examples of operational NGOs
- Oxfam
- Médecins sans frontières
67
Examples of Advocacy NGOs
- Greenpeace
68
What is Protection (NGO activity)
- Providing relief to people after a disaster and assisting people on low incomes
- 'Give a man a fish' - Immediate needs satisfied
- Will involve operational NGOs
69
What is Prevention (NGO activity)
- Reducing people's vulnerability, through income diversification and savings
- 'Teach a man to fish' -mitigating for future
- Involves operational NGOs
70
What is promotion (NGO activity)
- Increasing people's chances and opportunities
- 'Organising a fishermans' co-op'
71
What is transformation (NGO activity)
- Redressing social, political and economic exclusion or oppression
- 'Protecting fishing and fishing rights'
72
Example of NGO activity
Practical action
- 30+ years working in Sudan
- 750K people reached through work between 2022 and 2023
- 46k people with improved food and income security as a result of regenerative agricultural practice
