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GI-1 - Exam One > Choudhury - Esophagus, Stomach > Flashcards

Choudhury - Esophagus, Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

What cell type procduces hydrochloric acid?

A

Parietal cells

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2
Q

What cell type procduces mucous?

A

1) Cardiac esophageal glands (present in lamina propria)
2) Surface (neutral) and neck (acidic) mucous cells of stomach

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3
Q

What cell type procduces pepsinogen?

A

Chief cells (aka zymogenic cells)

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4
Q

What cell type procduces lipase (initiates fat digestion)?

A

Chief cells

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5
Q

What cell type procduces chymosin?

A

Gastric chief cells (in infants)

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6
Q

What cell type procduces intrinsic factor?

A

Parietal cells

IF is required for absorption of vitamin B12 (which is essential for hemopoiesis)

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7
Q

What cell type procduces immunoglobulin A (IgA)?

A
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8
Q

What cell type procduces lysozyme?

A
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9
Q

What cell type produces hormones?

A

enteroendocrine cells (argentaffin cells)

present throughout entire GI tract, not so numerous in gastric mucosa

synthesize/store enteric hormones:
gastrin
somatostatin
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)

glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP)

[formerly gastric inhibitory peptide]

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10
Q

Be able to differentiate(on a histologic basis) the three regions of the stomach

A
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11
Q

What type of neuronal cell bodies (division and order) are in ganglia of the submucosal plexus?

A
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12
Q

What type of neuronal cell bodies (division and order) are in ganglia of the myenteric plexus?

A
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13
Q

What parts of the G.I. tract have an adventia?

A
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14
Q

What parts of the G.I. tract have a serosa?

A
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15
Q

Describe the general plan, from lumen outward, of the gut tube (four basic layers)

A

mucosa (mucous membrane –> submucosa –> muscularis externa –> adventitia

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16
Q

Why is the mucosa so important?

A

It serves as a protective barrier AND as an absorbative/secretive barrier…

It is the barrier between tissues & external environment

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17
Q

Describe the lamina propria

A

loose CT underlying and supporting epithelium

contains:

small vessels & lymphatics
nerves
mucosal glands may be present
varying amounts of lymphoid tissue

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18
Q

Three layers of mucosa?

A
  1. epithelium (including basement membrane)
  2. lamina propria
  3. muscularis mucosae
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19
Q

Characteristics of muscularis mucosae

A

consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle (when present)

inner circular layer

outer longitudinal layer

3rd layer sometimes present (i.e. stomach)

luminal and longitudinal (or oblique)

permits localized movement of mucous membrane

20
Q

Submucosa

A

provides mobility for mucosa

contains:

  plexuses of larger blood vessels
  lymphatics
  nerves **  parasympathetic ganglia (Meissners plexus)**   submucosal glands in some regions   (esophagus and duodenum)
21
Q

Muscularis externa

A

2 thick layers of smooth muscle

inner circular layer
outer longitudinal layer

both layers actually spirally arranged
vascular and ANS plexi between muscular layers

parasympathetic ganglia (Auerbach’s plexus)

maintains tonus in tube
propels luminal contents onward

22
Q

Where is Meissner’s plexus (PS ganglia) located?

A

Submucosal layer

23
Q

Where is Auerbach’s plexus (PS ganglia, aka myenteric plexus) located?

A

Muscularis externa layer

24
Q

Describe the adventitia

A

outermost coat of dense connective tissue

often blends with CT of surrounding area

25
Q

Describe the serosa

A

hollow organs within or projecting into cavity covered with peritoneum

single layer of mesothelial cells

entire coat then called a serosa

  large vessels and nerves found here
26
Q

Is there any serosa on/over the esophagus?

A

NO! Only adventitia on the esophagus (blends with surrounding CT).

27
Q

GI development…review

A

epithelial lining of tracts arises from endoderm

CT & smooth muscle are derived from mesoderm

28
Q

Goblet cells increase in number as…

A

…we move from the esophagus to the anus.

29
Q

What types of muscle are the three different portions of the esophagus made up of?

A

Upper 1/3 = mostly skeletal m. (however, involuntary!)

Middle 1/3 = both skeletal and smooth m. (again, involuntary!)

Lower 1/3 = Mostly smooth m.

30
Q

Upper and middle thirds of esophagus contain muscle that is…

A

…involuntary!

31
Q

Stomach: function and parts

A

retaining/mixing reservoir
secrete gastric juices (to begin digestion)

absorption limited:

some salts
water
glucose
alcohol
drugs

divided into 4 anatomical regions:
body
fundus (body and fundus form histological fundus)
cardium
pylorus

32
Q

What three mentioned substances are absorbed from the stomach very quickly?

A

Glucose, alcohol, and ASA

33
Q

Characteristics of the small intestine

A

site of digestion/absorption
transport food from stomach to colon
secrete enzymes & certain hormones

divided into three parts

duodenum - retroperitoneal

10-12 inches

bile & pancreatic ducts enter

jejunum - peritoneal

two-fifths (» 8ft)

ileum - peritoneal

remaining three-fifths (»12ft)

34
Q

Parts/function of large intestine

A

principal site of water resorption

dehydration of chyme

produces mucous secretion

*some digestion

continued enzyme & bacterial activity

fecal storage

6 portions include:

cecum (small pouch at junction w/ ileum)

appendix (diverticulum of cecum)

colon - divided into:

ascending - retroperitoneal (2ndary)

transverse - peritoneal

descending - retroperitoneal (2ndary)

sigmoid - retroperitoneal (2ndary)

35
Q

Characteristics of rectum

A

structure similar to colon, but:

muscularis externa of rectum is complete

mucosal folds bulge into lumen

**numerous goblet cells
*occasional enteroendocrine cells

connects to anal canal

36
Q

Parts of anal canal

A

connects rectum to anus (external aspect)

*pectinate line
epithelial change

from simple columnar

to strat. squamous, wet

retro/extraperitoneal

37
Q

Pectinate line

A

Line that divides the upper 2/3s and lower 1/3 of the anal canal

Epithelial cell change: from simple columnar

to strat. squamous, wet

38
Q

What epithelial change occurs at the cardioesophageal junction?

A

Sudden change from stratified squamous to simple columnar epithelium

39
Q

Are there any goblet cells in the stomach?

A

NO! Only mucous-secreting cells… this will be a question, if the vinette is talking about goblet cells, it is not talking about the stomach!!!

40
Q

Directionality of three smooth muscle layers of stomach?

A

inner layer - runs obliquely, incomplete

middle layer – circular orientation

continuous w/ inner m. layer of gut tube
thick at pylorus to form sphincter

outer layer - longitudinal orientation

continuous w/ outer m. layer of gut tube

41
Q

2 cell types of cardiac region of stomach?

A

surface mucous cell: on mucosal surface, lining gastric pits, secrete acidic mucous***

undifferentiated cells: in base of pits, in neck of glands

42
Q

4 cell types found in fundus region (largest area)

A

mucous neck cell

mainly found in neck of gland

parietal cells

some scattered cells in neck

more toward base

zymogenic chief cells

mainly found in base

enteroendocrine cells (argentaffin cells)

few in number, mainly in base

43
Q

Are there any goblet cells in the stomach?

A

NO

44
Q

Which cells produce acidic mucus?

A

Mucous neck cells

45
Q

What is the space in between the gastric pits?

A

Lamina propria

46
Q

Gastric enteroendocrine cells secrete their (multiple) products into the…

A

bloodstream (vessels found in lamina propria)

GI-1 - Exam One (9 decks)

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