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Neurosurgery Boards > Neurobiology > Flashcards

Neurobiology Flashcards

1
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

Balance K+ to help neurons remain responsive, stimulate endothelial cells to form tight junctions. Supportive cells that stain c GFAP

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2
Q

What are Bergman Cells?

A

Astrocytes that support Purkinje cells of cerebellum

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3
Q

What are Muller cells of the retina?

A

Specialized astrocytes of retina

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4
Q

Where are unipolar neurons found

A

Autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

What are bipolar neurons associated with?

A

The senses

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6
Q

Where are pseudounipolar neurons found?

A

Sensory ganglia of cranial and spinal nerves (DRG)

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7
Q

What are the most common types of neurons?

A

Multipolar

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8
Q

What type of cell makes up the choroid plexus BBB?

A

Epithelial

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9
Q

Kinesin

A

Binds organelle resulting in stepwise transport from axon

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10
Q

Vinblastine and Colchicine

A

Disrupt fast anterograde axonal transport

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11
Q

What makes up slow anterograde axonal transport?

A

Component A (Dynamin-GTP) and Component B(Actin/myosin)

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12
Q

Retrograde axonal transport

A

(Dynein+ATP) facilitates passage of endosome to soma (delivers GF and rabies/tetanus toxin)

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13
Q

What are connexins?

A

Transmembrane channels for electrical synapses

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14
Q

Where are small molecule neurotransmitters synthesized?

A

Cytosol of the neuron. Includes: Ach, ATP, Dop, NE, Epi, 5HT, HIstamine, Glycine, Glu, GABA

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15
Q

What enzyme makes acetylcholine?

A

Cholin + Acetyl COA, Enzyme = choline acetyltransferase

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16
Q

What neurotransmitter is found in the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert?

A

Ach

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17
Q

What three neurotransmitters are synthesized from L-tyrosine?

A

Dopamine, NE, Epi

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18
Q

What is the rate limiting step of Dopamine synthesis

A

L-tyrosine –> L-dopa (enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase)

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19
Q

Where is dopamine synthesized?

A

Substantia nigra and arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus

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20
Q

Reserpine

A

Prevents uptake of DA into synaptic vesicle

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21
Q

What does Dopamine Beta-hydroxylase do?

A

DA –> NE (NE is only neurotransmitter syn in vesicle)

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22
Q

Norepinephrine exerts negative feedback on _____?

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

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23
Q

Where is NE found?

A

Postganglionic sympathetic neurons and locus ceruleus (Pons-lateral floor of 4th ventricle)

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24
Q

Cocaine

A

Inhibits NE reuptake

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25
Q

COMT and MAO

A

metabolize NE

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26
Q

Tropolone and Selegiline

A

inhibit COMT and MAO-B

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27
Q

Epinephrine is synthesized from ____ by _____ in the ________?

A

Norepinephrine, phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase, adrenal medulla

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28
Q

How is serotonin made?

A

Tryptophan –> 5HT (by trypthophan hydroxylase) –> Serotonin (5HT decarboxylase)

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29
Q

Where are serotonergic neurons found?

A

Raphe nuclei of brainstem reticular formation

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30
Q

Reserpine and tetrabenazine

A

Inhibit the transport protein for amine neurotransmitters

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31
Q

Amphetamine

A

abolish proton gradient of amine vesicles and leads to increased synaptic Dopamine/NE. Will eventually deplete neurotransmitter

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32
Q

What are 2 peptide neurotransmitters and where are they made?

A

Substance P and enkephaline. Made in the E.R..

33
Q

POMC –>

A

B-endorphine, melanocyte stimulating hormone, ACTH, corticotropin like

34
Q

Release of neurotransmitters involves?

A

Voltage gated Ca Channels

35
Q

vesicle SNARE

A

protein in vesicle wall that binds target-SNARE (syntaxin) in the axon terminal membrane. Results in vesicle fusion and release

36
Q

Tetanus toxin

A

Cleaves synaptobrevin and inhibits glycine release

37
Q

Botulinum toxin

A

Cleaves t-SNARE and v-SNARE

38
Q

Synaptotagmin

A

facilitates fusion of vesicle by inserting into presynaptic membrane (also facilitates endosome formation)

39
Q

Ionic receptors

A

Directly gate ion channels

40
Q

Metabotrophic receptors

A

influence ion channels via second messengers

41
Q

What are the two types of metabotrophic receptors?

A

G-protein and Tyrosine kinase

42
Q

Cholera toxin

A

selectively activates Gs (stimulatory G protein). Stimulates bowel movements

43
Q

Pertussis toxin

A

inactivates Gi (inhibitory G protein) (can’t stop coughing)

44
Q

Lithium

A

inhibits phosphatases which degrade IP3

45
Q

Phospholipase C

A

Generates DAG and IP3 –> opens Ca channels and activates PKC

46
Q

What are the two types of Acetylcholine channels/receptors?

A

NIcotinic and Muscarinic

47
Q

alpha- bungarotoxin

A

Snake venom that binds alpha subunit of nicotinic receptor

48
Q

What are ganglionic, depolarizing, and non-depolarizing nicotinic inhibitors?

A

Hexamethonium, succinylcholine, D-tubocurarine

49
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

NMJ and preganglionic ANS

50
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

Cerebellum, striatum, cortx, Renshaw cell of SC (glycine)

51
Q

What inhibits muscarinic receptors?

A

Atropine and scopolamine

52
Q

What stimulates muscarinic receptors?

A

Bethanechol (Bladder), Carbachol (GI), Pilocarpine (eye)

53
Q

GABA-A opens what type of channel?

A

Chloride channels –> inhibitory postsynaptic potential

54
Q

Alcholol, barb, and benzos increase ___?

A

Chloride channel opening

55
Q

GABA-B

A

Increases K+ conductance –> IPSP

56
Q

Baclofen

A

GABA-B agonist. Clinically thought to balance excitatory and inhibitor input to reduce muscle hyperactivity

57
Q

Picrotoxin

A

inhibits GABA-A. Binds B subunit

58
Q

Glutamate receptor

A

ionotropic receptors that induce EPSP. Include NMDA and Kainate

59
Q

NMDA receptor

A

permeable to Ca, Na, K. Normally blocked by Mg –> removed by depol and Glycine required to open. Important in long-term potentiation at synapse

60
Q

PCP

A

inhibits NMDA receptor

61
Q

Strychnine

A

blocks glycine release (Renshaw cell neurotransmitter)

62
Q

Dopamine receptors

A

5 groups, all metabotropic. D1- hyperpolarization, D2- depolarization (where antipsychotics selectively inhibit)

63
Q

LSD

A

agonist of 5HT-1c Receptor

64
Q

Ondansetron

A

agonist of 5-HT3 receptor

65
Q

Name two sites of neurogenesis:

A

Subependymal zone, Hippocampus (dentate gyrus c projections to CA3)

66
Q

Apoptosis leads to –>

A

chromatin condensation, outer membrane blebbing, cellular fragmentation, phagocytosis

67
Q

What is the caspase pathway for apoptosis

A

1) Death induced by Fas signaling complex –> activation of Caspase 8
2) DNA damage- Caspase 9: Cellular stress -> cytochrome c -> apoptosome ->Caspase 8&9 -> Caspase 3&7 -> outer membrane blebbing, DNA condensation, fragmentation, phagocytosis

68
Q

Bcl-2

A

antiapoptotic: prevents cytochrome c release and thus Caspase 9

69
Q

p53

A

tumor suppressor gene: suppress cell cycle progress after DNA damage –> apoptosis

70
Q

What is the resting neuron membrane potential?

A

-70mV: secondary to high intracellular K+ (-75mV)

71
Q

Tetrodotoxin

A

blocks voltage gated Na Channels

72
Q

Tetraethylammonium

A

blocks voltage gated K channels

73
Q

What increases axonal conduction velocity

A

Large diameter (thick myelin sheath) and transmembrane resistance. Long internode length between nodes of Ranvier. Low internal resistance and membrane capacitance (dependent on number of membrane channels).

74
Q

What is the average total brain water content?

A

78%

75
Q

What maintains flexor tone balance by inhibiting extensor activity?

A

Rubrospinal tract

76
Q

Botox

A

Interfers with Acetylcholine release

77
Q

Curare

A

blocks acetylcholine receptor

78
Q

What is the genetic defect of Down syndrome and what are the associated conditions?

A

Triplication of 21q22. Early onset Alz, leukemia, DM, brachycephaly, microcephaly, atlantoaxial instability, os odontoideum

79
Q

What are three endogenous antioxidants?

A

1) SOD
2) Glutathione peroxidase
3) Catalases

Neurosurgery Boards (10 decks)

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