Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry > Chapter 1,2,3,4,6, & 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 1,2,3,4,6, & 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 major classes of biomolecules?

A
  1. Protein
  2. Nucleic Acid
  3. Lipids
  4. Carbohydrates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What amino acid is most versatile of the biomolecules and is constructed from 20 amino acid building blocks?

A

Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What biomolecule signals molecules, receptors, structural roles, mobility, immune system, and enzyme?

A

Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

______ are the information molecules of the cell.

A

Nucleic Acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What biomolecule’s function is to store and transfer information and is constructed from 4 nucleotides?

A

Nucleic Acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Nucleic Acid is formed by either ______, Deoxyribonucleic acid, or ______, Ribonucleic acid.

A

DNA, RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine makes up

A

DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil makes up

A

RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which biomolecule is much smaller than proteins or nucleic acid and is both hydrophilic and hydrophobic?

A

Lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Lipids function as cell membranes and ________

A

Energy storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

_________ fuels and informs molecules

A

carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The most common fuel source of carbohydrates is ______, which stores as glycogen or starch(from plants)

A

Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Information flows from DNA to RNA, then to ______

A

Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Copying genome to the newly formed daughter cells is _______

A

DNA replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

DNA is transcribed into RNA, know as _____-

A

DNA Transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Deciphering RNA info into protein is ______

A

DNA translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic are the two basic types of ______

A

cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

_______ consists of membrane-enclosed compartments (organelles)

A

Eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cell with no organelles is _____

A

Prokaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the largest organelle and the information center of the cell?

A

Nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The background substance of the cell, the material that is surrounded by the plasma membrane is the ______

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Genomic information is selectively expressed at the proper time and in the proper amount in the ____

A

nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What separates the inside of the cell from the outside and one cell from another?

A

Plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In the plasma membrane the lipid bilayer is what?

A

Impermeable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules are 3 protein fibers located in the ______

A

Cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What membrane of the mitochondria is the cytoplasm side?

A

Outer membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What membrane of the mitochondria is the matrix of the mitochondrion?

A

Inner membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

In the mitochondria, the space between 2 membranes is the ______

A

Inner-Membrane space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What produces 90% of ATP for cell energy?

A

Mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

CO, and CN- are two ________ that bind to enzyme for ATP production and shuts down mitochondria

A

Deadly Poisons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum consists of two sacs, the ______ endoplasmic reticulum and the ______ endoplasmic reticulum

A

Smooth SER, Rough RER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What ER synthesizes lipids, steroids, and lipoprotein and is involved in drug detoxification?

A

SER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What ER have ribosomes attached to cytoplasmic side where protein synthesis occurs?

A

RER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What organelle consists of 4-8 membrane enclosed, flattened cistern, stacked parallel?

A

Golgi complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What works closely with ER for trafficking and sorting?

A

Golgi complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is another name for Secretory granule?

A

Zymogen granule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is formed when a vesicle is filled with the proteins destined for secretion buds off the golgi complex?

A

Secretory granule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

When signal is received, the secretory granule fuses with plasma membrane & unload its content (new protein) into extracellular environment is _______

A

Exocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Plasma membranes bud off to form a ______ that bring in material from outside the cell

A

Endosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

When large amounts of material is taken into the cell, it is done by the process of _______

A

phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The cell’s digestive systems are known as ______

A

lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What digests damaged, intracellular organelles?

A

Lysosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Amino acids form 2 mirror-images of L & D amino acids, but which amino acids build proteins?

A

L amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Amino groups are _______ (NH3+)
while
Carboxyl groups are ________ (COO-)

A

protonated

deprotonated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Gly

A

Glycine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Ala

A

Alanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Val

A

Valine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Leu

A

Leucine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Ile

A

Isoleucine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Met

A

Methionine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Pro

A

Proline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Phe

A

Phenylalanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Trp

A

Tryptophan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Ser

A

Serine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Threonine

A

The

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Tyr

A

Tyrosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Cys

A

Cysteine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Asn

A

Asparagine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Gln

A

Glutamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Lys

A

Lysine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Arg

A

Arginine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

His

A

Histidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Asp

A

Aspartate,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Glu

A

Glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Tyr, Cys, Arg, Lys, His, Asp, and Glu are the 7

A

ionizable AA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Protein deficiency malnutrition resulting in Edema, and distended abdomen is

A

Kwashiorkor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Calories and energy deficiency resulting in emaciated is

A

Marasmus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Essential Amino Acids

A 
Here In Loma Linda Many People Take Three Viagra
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanin
Threonine
Tryptophan
Valine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Enzymes are powerful catalysts that greatly accelerate _____

A

reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Enzymes are ________

A

Highly specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Coenzymes and metals are 2 groups of _______ that help enzymes

A

cofactors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Nonprotein helper of enzyme is ______

A

Prosthetic groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

1.Oxidoreductase
2. Transferases
3. Hydrolases
4. Lysases
5. Isomerases
6. Ligases
are the 6 major classes of _____

A

Enzymes

74
Q

Proteins synthesized on RER > are transported to lumen of ER for translation > which folds into 3-D structure (assisted by chaperones) > that are attached to regions of RER that lack ribosomes > These regions are then separated from RER as ____ ______ to secrete new protein away from cell

A

transport vesicles

75
Q

pH below 2 is ____

A

protonated

76
Q

pH above 9 is ____

A

deprotonated

77
Q

Simply long polymers of amino acids that are polypeptide chains (one straight chain) are ______ Protein structures

A

Primary

78
Q

3D structure resulted from H bondings between NH & CO of polypeptide chains are _______ Protein structures

A

Secondary

79
Q

3D structure when R groups of AAs in a polypeptide chain bond with one another is ________ Protein structure

A

Tertiary

80
Q

3D structure when more than 1 polypeptide chain interacts with each other is _______ protein structure

A

quaternary

81
Q

Each AA in the polymer is known as a ______

A

residue

82
Q

Amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal are two types of ______

A

residues

83
Q

in a peptide chain, the sequence is read from amino-terminal residue, a concept known as _____

A

Directionality

84
Q

In a polypeptide chain the carbonyl group (c=o) is a H-bond ______

A

acceptor

85
Q

In a polypeptide chain the amino group (N-H) is a H-bond ______

A

Donor

86
Q

AA sequence determines the 3D structure of protein, which is of ____

A

importance

87
Q

In what structure are the H bonds between peptide NH & CO of AAs often near one another in the linear sequence or primary structure?

A

Secondary structure

88
Q

In the secondary structure’s ________ the CO of each residue forms H bond with NH of residue located 4 residues ahead

A

a Helix

89
Q

The secondary structure’s a Helix, is tightly coiled backbone with R groups extended outward in helical array. Also all CO and NH of backbone are H-bonded except at ____ of helix

A

ends

90
Q

All a Helices in protein are _______

A

right-handed

91
Q

Secondary Structure B pleated sheets are composed of at least _____ polypeptide chains, that are fully extended and not coiled

A

2

92
Q

In secondary structure B pleated sheets, adjacent B strands are linked by _______

A

H bonds

93
Q

B sheets can be all parallel, all _______, or mixed

A

antiparallel

94
Q

2 helices, cross-linked by weak interactions and disulfide bonds by adjacent cysteine residues are ________ fibrous proteins

A

a-Keratin

95
Q

3 helices, Gly at every 3rd residue, most common sequences in the helix is Gly-Pro-Pro, is known as _____ fibrous proteins

A

Collagen

96
Q

what tertiary structure is described by O2 binding protein in heart & muscle that is a compact molecule and contains heme & Fe?

A

Myoglobin

97
Q

Myobglobin’s inside has non polar residues while its outsides have non polar and mostly ______ residues

A

polar

98
Q

a Helix separated from another a Helix is known as _____ motifs

A

Helix-turn-helix

99
Q

A polypeptide chain folded into 2 or more compact regions, connected by a flexible segments of polypeptide chain, rather like pearls on a string is known as _______ Motifs

A

Domain

100
Q

A supersecondary structure is a division of secondary structure and also referred to as ______

A

motif

101
Q

Arrangement of subunits and the nature of their interactions are known as ______

A

Quaternary structure

102
Q

Each polypeptide chain that builds a particular complete protein structure is a ______

A

Subunit

103
Q 
Glycine,
Alanine,
Valine,
Leucine,
Isoleucine,
Methionine,
Proline, 
Phenylalanine,
 and Tryptophan are all \_\_\_\_\_
A

Hydrophobic AA’s with non polar R group

104
Q

Serine, Threonine, Tyrosine, Cysteine, Asparagine, and Glutamine are all _______

A

Polar AA’s whose side chains contain an electronegative atom

105
Q

Lysine, Arginine, and Histidine are all ______

A

Hydrophilic Positively charged AA’s

106
Q

Aspartate and Glutamat are both ______

A

Negatively charged AA’s with acidic side chains

107
Q

Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan, and Valine are all ______

A

Essential AA’s

108
Q

Apoenzymes are enzymes with a _______

A
  • cofactor
109
Q

Holoenzymes are enzymes with a _______

A

+ cofactor

110
Q

What enzyme cleaves molecules by addition of water?

A

Hydrolases

111
Q

What enzyme joins 2 molecules at the expense of ATP hydrolysis?

A

Ligases

112
Q

What enzyme moves functional groups within a molecule?

A

Isomerases

113
Q

What enzyme adds or removes atoms and functional groups to a double bond?

A

Lyases

114
Q

What enzyme transfers functional groups between molecules?

A

Transferases

115
Q

What enzyme transfers electrons between molecules and catalyzes oxidation-reduction reaction?

A

Oxidoreductase

116
Q

The difference between product and reactant is _____

A

free energy

117
Q

Exergonic and spontaneous free energy is ____

A

Negative

118
Q

Endergonic and non spontaneous free energy is _____

A

Positive

119
Q

ΔG

A

Free Energy

120
Q

Free energy difference between substrate and transition state is _____

A

Activation Energy

121
Q

What energy is required to initiate the reaction?

A

Free energy

122
Q

Number of moles of product formed per second varies with substrate concentration, when enzyme concentration is constant is _____-

A

V 0 rate of catalysis

123
Q

Substrate concentration at 1/2 of Vmax is the ____

A

Km

124
Q

Michaelis Constant is also referred to as _____

A

Km

125
Q

Velocity when all enzyme is bond to substrate is _____

A

Vmax

126
Q

^T equals _____

A

^ Activity

127
Q

Resembles substrate, binds to active site(EI), prevents substrate to bind to the same active site (ES) is ____ inhibitor

A

Competitive

128
Q

What inhibitor binds only to enzyme - substrate complex (ES)?
(think women who only dates married men)

A

Uncompetitive inhibitor

129
Q

When inhibitor and substrate bind simultaneously at different sites this is the _______ inhibitor

A

Noncompetitive

130
Q

Effects of inhibitors on a plot of Vo versus S

Km Vmax is ____ inhibitor

A

no inhibitor

131
Q

Effects of inhibitors on a plot of Vo versus S

^Km same Vmax is ____inhibitor

A

Competitive inhibitor

132
Q

Effects of inhibitors on a plot of Vo versus S

same Km v Vmax is ____ inhibitor

A

Noncompetitive inhibitor

133
Q

Effects of inhibitors on a plot of Vo versus S

v Km v Vmax is ____ inhibitor

A

Uncompetitive inhibitor

134
Q

What inhibitor is tightly bound to enzyme (convalently or noncovalently)?

A

Irreversible inhibitor

135
Q 
Group-specific reagents,
affinitly labels
suicide inhibitors 
and transition state analogs 
make up
A

Irreversible inhibitor

136
Q

Structurally similar to substrate and convalently modify active-site residue are _____

A

affinity labels

137
Q

Mechanism-based inhibitors that chemically modify substrates are _______

A

suicide inhibitors

138
Q

________ change functional group of enzyme

A

group specific reagents

139
Q

Enzymes that regulate the flux of biochemicals through metabolic pathways are _______ enzymes

A

allosteric enzymes

140
Q

What enzyme

  1. regulates catalytic activity by environmental signals
  2. Has more complex kinetics than Michaelis-Menten principles
  3. Has quaternary structure with multiple active sites
A

allosteric

141
Q

all of the subunits/active sites must be in the same state is _______

A

symmetry rule

142
Q

Substrate binds more readily to the ____ form than to the T form

A

R

143
Q

Binding of substrate disrupts that T<>r equilibrium in favor of R is _______

A

cooperativity

144
Q

Below certain [S], v enzyme activity. After threshold is reached, rapid ^ enzyme activity is ______

A

Threshold effect

145
Q

Sigmoidal kinetics & alteration in quaternary structure have ______ active sites on different polypeptide chains

A

multiple

146
Q

Allosteric constance (Lo) is considered the

A

T/R ratio

147
Q

R (relaxed) is

A

active

148
Q

T (tense) is

A

less active

149
Q

Positive effector aka ______ of signal molecules shifts sigmoidal curve to the left

A

Activator

150
Q

Negative effector aka inhibitor of signs molecules shifts the curve to the _____

A

right

151
Q

Effect of substrate to enzyme is the

A

Homotropic effects

152
Q

Globular protein is ____

A

Globin

153
Q

Prosthetic group bound to glob in that binds oxygen is ______

A

Heme group

154
Q

A group of specialized proteins that contain heme as a tightly bound prosthetic group are _____

A

hemeproteins

155
Q

Protoporphyrin made up of 4 pyrrole rings, and side chains is _____

A

Heme

156
Q

1 polypeptide, 1 Fe, that bind 1 oxygen and make up heart and skeletal muscle is ____-

A

myoglobin

157
Q

Mb binds 1 oxygen, Hb binds _____ oxygen

A

4

158
Q

Mb has a _____ affinity for o2 than Hb

A

higher

159
Q

Does 2, 3 BPG increase or decrease oxygen binding?

A

Decrease

160
Q
  1. Heme-heme interactions
  2. 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate
  3. Bohr effect
  4. CO2
  5. CO
    make up the Allosteric effects of Hb _______
A

Affinity to O2

161
Q

What is the most abundant organic phosphate in RBC?

A

2,3- BPG

162
Q

2, 3 - BPG binds to deoxyHb, not to ______

A

oxyHb

163
Q

Hydrophobic tails interact and form hydrophibic interior permeability bearer known as the

A

Hydrophobic effect

164
Q

The _______ head interacts with polar medium on each side of bilayer

A

hydrophilic

165
Q

Phospholipid and glycolipids form _____sheets

A

bimolecular

166
Q

Polar head _____

A

water

167
Q

HC tails _______

A

interact against water q

168
Q

Tm aka ______ is the transition to rigid fluid

A

melting point

169
Q

Longer the length of FA chains, the higher the interaction, and ______ Tm

A

higher

170
Q

In unsaturted FA cis bends structure that lowers the interaction and _____ Tm

A

lowers

171
Q

What has Mechanical stability and regulates fluidity with its bulky steroid structure?

A

Cholesterol

172
Q

What protein is embedded in the HC core of the membrane?

A

Integral membrane protein

173
Q

What protein is bound to the hphil head of membrane by polar interaction, bound to integral protein, or anchored by covalent bond to the hphob chain?

A

Peripheral membrane protein

174
Q
  1. simple diffusion
  2. facilitated diffusion, passive transport
  3. active transport
    are all
A

Transport mechanisms

175
Q

Lipophillic molecules, spontaneously move from higher to lower concentration is

A

simple diffusion

176
Q

Move from higher to lower concentrations is ______

A

passive transport

177
Q

Hydrophilic molecules passing through specific cancels in the hydrophobic barrier is ______

A

facilitated diffusion

178
Q

Movement against concentration gradient is _____

A

active transport

179
Q

Na+-K+ ATPase Pump has high salt concentration in extracellular fluid and high K+ inside. Energy released from ATP + H20 to form ADP+Pi is used to pump Na+ out of cell with ______

A

active transport

180
Q

Opposite direction across membrane is

A

antitransporters

181
Q

same directions across membrane is

A

symporters

182
Q

Energy released in the downhill flow of a molecule/ion provides energy for uphill flow of different molecule/ion is

A

Secondary active transport

Biochemistry (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions