Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry > Chapter 14, 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 14, 15 Flashcards

1
Q

What digestion is absorbed from amino acids, dipeptides, and tripeptides?

A

Protein digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

During protein digestion the pancreas releases inactive enzymes known as

A

zymogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

In what organ does the activation of pancreatic zymogens occur?

A

small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Oligopeptides and amino acids are ______ of pancreatic proteases

A

products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

in carbohydrate digestio the source is from ______

A

complex carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

monosaccharides are the absorbed form in

A

carbohydrate digestions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

sucrose is broken down by pancreatic enzyme, sucrase, to form ______ & _______

A

fructose & glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lactose is broken down by pancreatic enzyme, lactase, to form _______ & ________

A

galactose and glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Maltose is broken down by pancreatic enzyme, maltase, to form _______ & ________

A

glucose & Glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

In lipid digestion, the source is _____ ______, that is absorbed form the micelle packaging

A

lipid complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

in lipid digestion, the ____ converts lipids to a emulsion.

A

stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

In lipid digestion, in what organ does bile salts enhance emulsification for lipase action.

A

Small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a globular structure formed by lipids and Biles salts in aqueous solutions?

A

micelle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What has a polar outside(contact w/water) and non polar inside?

A

Micelle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In the intestine, TAG is resynthesizes and packaged as (lipoprotein)________ for circulation in lymphatic system

A

chylomicron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a linked series of chemical reactions that begins with a particular biomolecule and converts it into some other biomolecule in a carefully defined fashion?

A

metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Muscular Contraction, Biosynthesis Anabolism, and Active transport are

A

energy-requiring processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Energy produced in catabolism is used to provide energy for

A

anabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

An endergonic reaction can be coupled with an

A

exergonic reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Energy releasing catabolism provides for

  1. Muscular contraction (mechanical work)
  2. Biosythesis Anabolism (chemical work)
  3. _____________________________
A

Active Transport (osmotic work)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Oxidation of ____ fuels and powers the formation of ATP

A

Carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

ATP generation, in which the carbon in macronutrients is oxidized to CO2 and CO2 production releases energy to regenerate ATP from ADP + Pi is the main purpose of

A

catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Compounds/metabolic intermediate with higher phosphoryl transfer potential can ________ ADP to regenerate ATP

A

phosphoroylate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

NADP > NADPH are activated carries of electrons for

A

biosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

NAD+ > NADH,
FAD > FADH2,
FMN > FMNH2
are activated carries of electrons for fuel of _____

A

oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

activated carriers are ______

A

coenzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Activated carriers for 2-carbon fragments has a high acetyl-group transfer potential because of

A

Acetyl CoA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Metabolic pathways are highly regulated through

  1. Amount of enzymes
  2. Catalytic activities
  3. _______________
A

Accessibility of substrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

During the fasting period, synthesis of biosynthesis/storage enzymes is relatively much lower than synthesis of fuel oxidation/breakdown of enzymes is known as the _______

A

amount of enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Reversible allosteric control by feedback inhibition and reversible covalent modification by hormones is

A

catalytic control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Compartmentilization segregates opposed reaction especially when FA oxidation is in mitochondria, FA synthesis is in cytoplasm
Flux of substrates between compartments is the

A

Accessibility of substrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The pathway by which glucose is degraded into 2 units of pyruvate is _______

A

glycolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

During stage 1 The starting Glucose will eventually end up being

A

Fructose 1, 6-bisphophate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

In stage one there are 3 steps: Phosphorylation , Isomerization , and ________

A

Phosphorylation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

In stage one of glycolysis, the purpose is to trap Glucose in the cell & to prepare ____________

A

Glucose for stage 2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

In stage 2 of glycolysis, the Cleaveage of Fructose 1, 6-bisphohate leaves 6-c biphosphate sugar which turns into ______

A

2 phosphorylated 3-C units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

In stage 3 of glycolysis, this is the ________ phase, in which oxidation of the 3-C untwist turn into pyruvate

A

ATP production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is a mixture of of lipid droplets & water?

A

emulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Triacyglycerols (TAG) are readily digested into final products of monoacylglycerol (MAG) and ______(FFA’s)

A

Free Fatty acids.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

In the principles of metabolism, fuel production & synthesis processes are constructed step by step in a series of linked reactions, called _____ _______

A

metabolic pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

In the principles of metabolism, _____ links energy-releasing pathways with energy-requiring pathways

A

ATP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

In the principles of metabolism, ______ of carbon fuels powers the formation of ATP

A

Oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

In principles of metabolism, pathways have things in common: reaction types & ________

A

intermediates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

In the principles of metabolism, metabolic pathways are highly _______

A

regulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Reactions that transform fuels into cellular energy are called

A

catabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Those reactions that require energy such as synthesis of glucose, fats, or DNA are

A

anabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Although biosynthetic and degradative pathways often have reactions in common, the regulated, nonreversible reactions of each pathway are almost always _____ from each other

A

distinct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

ATP is an energy-rich molecule because its triphosphate unit contains ____ phospoanhydride bonds.

A

two

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Phosphanhyrdride bonds are formed between two phosphoric groups accompanied by the loss of a molecule of _____

A

water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

A large amount of free energy is liberated when ATP is hydrolyzed to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and _________ (Pi)

A

orthophosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), Creatine Phosphte, and 1,3 Bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) have a higher ________ potential that ATP

A

phosphoryl-transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Compounds/metabolic intermediates with higher phosphate transfer potential can phosphorylate ADP to _______ _____

A

regenerate ATP

53
Q

In ATP regeneration, carbon in macronutrients is oxidized to _____ and CO2 production releases energy to regenerate ATP from ADP and Pi

A

Co2

54
Q

FA oxidation is in the ________, while FA synthesis is in the _________.

A

mitochondria,

cytoplasm

55
Q

Glucose is phosphorylated by ATP and catalyzed by ______ to form Glucose 6-phosphate.

A

hexokinase

56
Q

glucose > glucose 6 -phosphate is

A

phosphorylation

57
Q

Glucose 6-phosphate > fructose 6 phosphate is

A

isomerization

58
Q

Fructose 6-phosphate > Fructose 1, 6-bisphophate

A

phosphorylation

59
Q

Glucose 6-phosphate is isomerized to Fructose 6-Phosphate by _______ isomerase

A

phosphoglucose

60
Q

The step isomerization, converts an aldose into a ______

A

ketose

61
Q

Fructose 6-Phosphate is phosphorylated by ATP to _____________

A

Fructose 1,6-biphosphate

62
Q

Fructose 6-phosphate is catalyzed by _____(PFK) to create Fructose 1,6-biphosphate, an irreversible reaction.

A

phosphofructokinase

63
Q

What is the allosteric enzyme of glycolysis?

A

Phosphofructokinase

64
Q

Fru6P > Fru 1,6-BP involves the __ ____ consumed in glycolysis

A

2nd ATP

65
Q

The second stage of glycolysis begins with the splitting of fructose 1, 6-biphosphate into two trios phosphates:

  1. ______________(GAP)
  2. _____________(DHAP)
A
  1. glyceraldehyde (GAP)

2. dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

66
Q

The readily reversible reaction of splitting Fru 1,6-BP is catalyzed by _________ into GAP & DHAP

A

aldolase

67
Q

GAP is on the direct pathway of _______, however DHAP is not

A

glycolysis

68
Q

GAP and DHAP can be easily interconverted. In this case the isomerization of these three-carbon phosphorylated sugars is catalyzed by _________(TPI)

A

Triose phosphate isomerase

69
Q

At equilibrium in the GAP & DHAP reaction, ____% of the trios phosphate is dihydroxyacetone phosphate

A

96%

70
Q

The conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate into __________(1,3 BPG), that has a high phosphoryl transfer potential

A

1, 3-biphosphoglycerate

71
Q

GAP is converted to 1, 3-biphosphoglycerate as an oxidation-reduction reaction catalyzed by _________________

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

72
Q

1,3-Biphosphoglycerate is an energy-rich molecule with a greater phosphoryl-transfer potential than that of _____. Therefore it is used to assist ADP and othophosphate to make ATP

A

ATP

73
Q

1,3 -BPG is converted into __________,

producing the 1st ATP in glycolysis

A

3-phosphoglycerate

74
Q

1,3-BPG is converted to 3-phosphoglycerate by the catalyst ______________

A

phosphoglycerate Kinase

75
Q

STAGE 3 X 2:

2 GAP per glucose > 2 1,3-BPG =

A

2 ATP

76
Q

_____, has a high phosphate transfer potential and the transfer phosphoryl group from PEP to ADP yields ATP

A

PEP

phosphoenolpyruvate

77
Q

3-phosphoglycerate is converted to 2-phosphoglycerate by catalyst, __________

A

phosphoglycerate mutase

78
Q

2-phosphoglycerate is dehydrated and converts to _______(PEP)

A

phospheonolpyruvate

79
Q

2-phophoglycerate is dehydrated to become PEP by catalyst, _____

A

Enolase

80
Q

The phosphoric group traps the molecule in its unstable enol form, is the reason PEP has such a high _________

A

phosphoryl transfer potential

81
Q

Phospheonolpyruvate is converted to ______

A

Pyruvate

82
Q

Phospheonolpyruvate is converted to pyruvate by the catalyst _______, producing the 2nd ATP of glycolysis

A

Pyruvate kinase

83
Q

During GAP, NAD+ has to be reduced to NADH for glycolysis to continue, consequently, NAD+ must be regenerated for glycolysis to proceed. So the final process in the pathway is the regeneration of NAD+ through the _______ of _____

A

metabolism of pyruvate

84
Q

What is the fermentation of pyruvate?

A

oxidation of NADH to NAD+

85
Q

Pyruvate can either go to ______, _______, or _______

A

Ethanol, Lactate, Acetyl CoA

86
Q

Pyruvate is decarboxylated by catalyst _______ to Actetaldehyde. Lastly Actetaldehyde is reduced to Ethanol by NADH(>NAD+) by catalyst _____.

A

Pyruvate decarboxylase

Alcohol dehydrogenase

87
Q

Pyruvate accepts the electrons of NADH > NAD+ to form lactate in a reaction catalyzed by ________

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

88
Q

Ethanol and Lactate are _______

A

Anaerobic

89
Q

Acetyl CoA is ______

A

aerobic

90
Q

Pyruvate forms ______ and follows with further oxidation

A

Acetyl CoA

91
Q

Fructose enters the glycolytic pathway in two ways 1. in the adipose tissue of fructose 6-Phosphate and 2. through the liver by _________

A

Fructose 1-phosphate

92
Q

Galactose enters the glycolytic pathway by _______

A

glucose 6-phosphate

93
Q

The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors is _________

A

gluconeogenesis

94
Q

pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, and amino acids are________

A

precursors

95
Q

The major site of gluconeogenesis is the ______, and a small amount also takes place in the kidney

A

liver

96
Q

When does gluconeogenesis occur?

A

prolonged fasting or starvation

97
Q

Our bodies need glucose when we have a decreased carb intake and decreased blood glucose. The brain, CNS, and RBC are dependent on glucose. When it is low,

A

gluconeogenesis occurs

98
Q

Gluconeogenesis is pyruvate > ______

A

Glucose

99
Q

What is formed by active skeletal muscle through lactic acid fermentation when the rate of glycolysis exceeds the rate at which muscle can process pyruvate aerobically?

A

Lactate

100
Q

During gluconeogenesis Lactate is readily converted into pyruvate then to glucose in the liver by the action of ______ ________. Glucose is then returned to the muscle by glycolysis

A

Lactate dehydrogenase

101
Q

Gluconeogenesis is ______ a complete reversal of glycolysis.

A

NOT

102
Q

Amino acid come from dietary protein if there is no dietary carbs, known as ______

A

Fed-State

103
Q

Amino acids are taken from muscle protein during ______

A

starvation

104
Q

Amino acid glyconeogenesis entry is pyruvate or _______

A

oxaloacetate

105
Q

The hydrolysis of triacylglycerols in fat cells yields______ and 3 free fatty acids.

A

glycerol

106
Q

Glycerol can be metabolized by glycolosis and converted into glucose by gluconeogenesis. They may enget the gluconeogenic or the glycolytic pathway at _____________

A

dihydroxyactetone phosphate

107
Q

Step one of gluconeogenesis:

Pyruvate > __________(OAA) > PEP

A

oxaloacetate

108
Q

pyrucate converts to oxaloacetate by enzyme pyruvate carboxylase and coenzyme ______

A

biotin

109
Q

Transfer of OAA from mitochondria to cytoplasm by and finishing with ________

A

malate

110
Q

Step two of gluconeogenesis:

Fructose 1, 6-biphosphate> Fructose 6-phosphate by catalyst ____________

A

fructose 1, 6-Biphosphate

111
Q

Step three of gluconeogenesis:

Glucose 6-phosphate > glucose by catalyst _______

A

glucose 6-phosphate

112
Q

OAA to malate(in mitochondria) is _______. While NADH is oxidized to NAD+

A

reduction

113
Q

malate to OAA (out in cytoplasm) is ______. While NAD+ is reduced to NADH

A

oxidation

114
Q

Oxaloacetate converts to PEP by catalyst ___________ and coenzymes decarboxylation and phosporlyation

A

phospheonolpyruvate carboxykinase

115
Q

What is an ER membrane bound enzyme?

A

Glucose 6-phosphatase

116
Q

The irreversible conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA is the link between glycolysis and the __________

A

citric acid cycle

117
Q

Pyruvate > Acetyl CoA takes place in the ______

A

mitochondria

118
Q

E1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase
E2. Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase
E3. Dihydrolipoply dehydrogenase are the three enzymes of the ____________

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

119
Q

TPP, Lipoic acid(lipoamide), and FAD are the 3 ________________ of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A

catalytic coenzymes

120
Q

CoA and NAD+ are the two ________________ of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A

stoichiometric coenzymes

121
Q
  1. Decarboxylation
  2. Oxidation
  3. Transfer to CoA
    are the three steps of
A

Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

122
Q

During decarboxylation, E1 enzyme - _________ ________ with help of coenzyme TPP provides and exergonc energy for formation of NADH and Acetyl CoA while yielding acyl-TPP

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase

123
Q

During oxidation, E1 enzyme - pyruvate dehydrogenase with the help of coenzyme _______, oxidized OH-ethyl and simultaneously attaches to lipoamide and is reduced to acetyllipoamide.

A

Lipoamide

124
Q

During formation of Acetyl CoA, E2 enzyme dihydrolipoyl transacetylase with help of coenzyme CoA, transfers the acetyl group from acetyllipoamide to CoA. Acetyl Coa carries energy-rich thirster bond from ______ to fuel TCA Cycle

A

CoA-SH

125
Q

The regeneration of -S-S- in lipoamide involves the E3 enzyme dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase and coenzymes ______ & _____

A

FAD and NAD+

126
Q

E1 enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase component has 24 chains and uses coenzymes _____&______ to oxidize decarboxylation of pyruvate

A

TPP and Lipoamide

127
Q

E2 enzyme, dihydrolipoyl transacetylase has 24 chains and uses coenzyme CoA to transfer acetyl group to ____

A

CoA

128
Q

E3 enzyme, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase has 12 chains and uses _____ & ______ to regenerate the oxized form lipoamide

A

FAD & NAD+

Biochemistry (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions