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Viral and Bacterial Infections Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of horizontal transmission?

A

Venereal - virus present in semen or in lesions of the genital tract
Haematogenous or ascending - spread to genital tract from other sites, particularly upper respiratory tract

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2
Q

What ways can vertical transmission occur?

A

Placental - haematogenous
Genital tract - ascending, spreads to foetus through cervix or infection during birth
Milk

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3
Q

What can reproductive failure be caused by?

A

Viral replication in foetal tissues leading to malformation or death
Damage to placental blood vessels leading to interrupted blood supply to the foetus
Stress and pyrexia due to viral infection
A combination of the above

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4
Q

Describe a carrier animal

A

Shedding of virus without clinical signs - in semen, respiratory secretions, faeces
Shedding may be intermittent

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5
Q

What are the two viruses of the reproductive tract of the horse?

A 
Equine herpesvirus (EHV)
Equine arteritis virus (EAV)
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6
Q

What are the three types of equine herpesvirus?

A

EHV-1 - abortions, respiratory disease, paralysis
EHV-3 - genital pustules, not abortion
EHV-4 - respiratory disease, rarely isolated abortions

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7
Q

Describe EHV-1 cycling

A 
Over 90% of carrier horses in UK are latently infected
Virus is reactivated from latency
Nasal shedding of infectious virus
Young horses are infected
Recruitment of new hosts into cycle
Viral latency established
Horses latently infected again
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8
Q

Decribe EHV-1

A

Abortion in last third of pregnancy
Lung oedema
Multifocal necrosis in liver, lungs and spleen
Abortion accompanies or occurs shortly after foetal death

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9
Q

How can EHV-1 abortion be diagnosed?

A

Post mortem examination of foetus and placenta
PCR or virus isolation
Microscopic examination of tissue sections
EHV-1 immunostaining

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10
Q

How can EHV be prevented?

A

Isolation of pregnant mares during last trimester
Vaccination of all horses on the premises
Combination vaccines EHV-1 and EHV-4

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11
Q

Describe EHV control

A

Isolate affected mare if abortion
Collect foetus and placenta for testing
Paired serum samples from mare to test for rising antibody titre

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12
Q

Describe equine arteritis virus

A 
Arterivirus
Causes equine viral arteritis (EVA)
Notifiable disease
Last case in UK in 2012
Entry via respiratory tract or semen
Infects macrophages and endothelial cells and causes arteritis
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13
Q

How is EAV abortion diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs in mare - variable, fever, depression,conjunctivitis, abortion
Post mortem examination of aborted foetus and placenta
Virus-neutralising antibody levels in mare high at abortion or rising
Stallions are persistently infected and shed virus in semen
Investigate if travel history

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14
Q

What problems are there with EAV diagnosis?

A

Subclinical
Stallions can shed intermittently or persistently
Virus persists in accessory glands
Not considered to persist in mare

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15
Q

When is EVA notifiable?

A

Clinical signs observed in stallion
Evidence for EAV infection by semen or blood testing
Clinical signs or laboratory results indicate EVA - mare mated or artificially inseminated within past 14 days

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16
Q

Describe EAV control

A

Diagnosis on aborted foetus or semen samples using virus isolation or PCR
Movement restrictions
Vaccination of stallions

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17
Q

What are the four viruses of the reproductive tract of cattle?

A

Bovine viral diarrhoea virus
Bovine herpesvirus
Schmallenberg
Bluetongue

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18
Q

Describe BVDV

A

Pestivirus
Shed in respiratory secretions and faeces
Transmission also via semen during AI
Virus replication in respiratory and enteric tract
Haematogenous spread to foetus via placenta

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19
Q

What may BVDV damage to the developing foetus lead to?

A 
Stillbirths
Abortions
Early foetal death with reabsorption
Infertility
Mummification
Congenital damage - cerebellar hypoplasia, retinal dysplasia
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20
Q

Describe BVDv infection timing

A 
First trimester (0-110 days) - embryonic/foetal death causing resorption/abortion/mummification, persistent infection
Second trimester (111-190 days) - abortions/mummification, PIs usually only until day 140, congenital deformities (esp. days 125-175)
Third trimester (after day 191) - occasional abortions/still births/weak calves, predominately normal calf
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21
Q

How can BVD abortion be diagnosed?

A

PM examination on aborted foetus with PCR of lymphoid tissue
Histopathology with immunohistochemistry
Foetal serology on free foetal fluids for indication exposure
Maternal serology

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22
Q

Describe prevention and control of BVDV

A

Endemic in UK
Vaccination of dams before pregnancy
Identify and remove persistently infected animals
Various European countries have eradication programs

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23
Q

Describe BHV-1

A

Causes - Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), infectious pustular vulvovaginitis (IPV), infectious balanoposthitis (IBP)
Transfers - venereal, contact, aerosol

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24
Q

Describe IPV/IBP

A

Painful genital lesions
Swelling
Frequent urination
Tend to be self-limiting

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25
Describe BHV-1 abortions
``` Follow respiratory infections Abortion may occur weeks after infection of dam Usually at 4-8 months of gestation Necrosis in foetal liver and lung Frequently extensive autolysis Abortion due to BHV-1 uncommon in the UK ```
26
How can BHV-1 be diagnosed, prevented and controlled?
Latent herpesvirus can become reactivated due to stress Isolate and test new stock to prevent herd spread Diagnosis - immunofluorescence/immuno-peroxidase on foetal tissues Serological testing difficult to interpret Vaccination reduces severity and duration of clinical disease Eradication programs in various European countries
27
Describe Schmallenberg virus
Orthobunyavirus Arbovirus Infection of dam during early pregnancy Virus has neurotropism Common findings in foetuses/neonates - arthrogryposis, hydranencephaly, cerebellar/cerebral hypoplasia Diagnosis - PCR, histopathology, foetal serology, maternal serology for indication
28
Describe bluetongue
``` Orbivirus Arbovirus Abortions Congenital defects due to teratogenic effect - hydranencephaly Notifiable ```
29
What viruses cause reproductive failure in pigs?
``` Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS) Porcine parvovirus Influenza virus Porcine circovirus 2 Suid herpesvirus 1 - Aujeszky's disease Swine fever ```
30
Describe PRRS
Family Arteriviridae Infection of respiratory tract via aerosol Genital tract infection via virus infected semen Respiratory disease and oedema or subclinical Blue ear disease Less virulent strains may not cause obvious clinical signs Immunosuppression Late abortions/mummification/premature piglets
31
How can PRRS be diagnosed in abortions?
PCR of lymphoid tissue
32
How can PRRS be prevented and controlled?
PRRS is endemic in UK SPF, all in Separate pregnant sows from rest of herd Avoid transfer of fomites
33
How can PRRS be prevented and controlled?
Screening of semen for AI by PCR Vaccination with inactivated vaccine PRRS rapidly mutates leading to circulation of many genetic and antigenic variants This makes diagnosis and control by vaccination difficult
34
Describe porcine parvovirus
Stillbirths, mummification, embryonic death and infertility (SMEDI) Abortion uncommon Transmission - faecal oral Replicates in GIT without clinical signs Transplacental infection of foetus Early embryonic death leads to resorption Infection at later stages causes death of foetus with mummification Death at late stages leads to stillbirths If infected >70 days, foetal death less frequent due to immune response
35
How can porcine parvovirus be diagnosed, prevented and controlled?
PCR on liver tissue if CRL is <70 days Foetal fluid serology in older immunocompetent foetuses DIagnosis by immunofluorescence on frozen foetal liver Virus isolation Vaccination
36
Describe swine influenza
TypeA influenze virus (H1N1, H3N2) Predominately respiratory signs Pyrexia >41 degrees Celcius Abortions predominately due to disease in sows Transplacental infections considered rare Diagnosis - PCR in acutely infected sows, paired serology
37
What are two notifiable pig diseases?
Aujeszky's disease | Swine fever
38
Describe Aujeszky's disease
``` Pseudorabies Family Herpesviridae Notifiable Entry via respiratory tract CNS signs and high mortality in piglets Pregnant sows - haematogenous spread to foetus, abortions/stillbirths Eradicated from UK ```
39
Describe classical swine fever
``` Pestivirus in family Flaviviridae Notifiable - last outbreak in UK in 2000 High mortality Diarrhoea Haemorrhages in skin and other organs Abortion, mummification, stillbirths, congenital tremors ```
40
Describe African swine fever
Family Asfaviridae Notifiable So far never occurred in the UK Clinical signs very similar to classical swine fever
41
Describe canine herpesvirus
Infection of pups during birth or shortly after birth can lead to systemic herpesvirus infection Part of Fading Puppy Syndrome Immature immune system and poor body temperature regulation allows infection to establish Organ necrosis and death Haemorrhages esp. in kidneys Diagnosis by gross and histopathological findings Vaccine now available for pregnant bitches
42
What are the two viruses causing reproductive failure in cats?
FLV - feline leukaemia virus | FPV - feline parvovirus (feline panleucopenia virus)
43
Describe FLV
Can cross placenta and elad to reproductive failure Diagnosis - antigen test, immunofluorescence/PCR on aborted foetuses Prevention - vaccination
44
Describe FPV
Can elad to reproductive failure Canlead to cerebellar hypoplasia Prevention - vaccination
45
What are the two laboratory diagnoses of reproductive failures?
Detection of virus | Detection of antibody
46
Describe viral detection
Samples from foetal organs or whole foetus as well as placenta Virus isolation, PCR or antigen detection Problems if sampes aren't fresh - viruseslose infectivity, nucleic acids and proteins degrade
47
Describe antibody detection
Antibody detection in foetal fluids Serology of the dam showing rising antibody titres Problems with possible delay between - infection of dam and foetus, infection of foetus and reproductive failure becoming apparent
48
What are the six bacterial consequences of infection?
``` Abortion Endometritis Metritis Infertility Prostatitis Orchitis ```
49
What are the three routes of transmission for bacterial infections?
Venereal transmission Endogenous infection Environmental infection
50
What are the six bacteria that can cause bovine abortion?
``` Leptospira hardjo Bacillus licheniformis Salmonella dublin Brucella abortus Brucella melitensis Mycoses ```
51
What is the biggest cause of cattle abortion?
Leptospira hardjo
52
What sort of infection does Leptospira cause?
Subclinical
53
What is the reservoir of infection for Leptospira?
Animals - cattle, sheep, others
54
Is Leptospira zoonotic?
Yes
55
How can Leptospira be diagnosed?
Sera from a group representative sample of the animals | Examined by microscopic agglutination test at VLA
56
Describe Bacillus licheniformis
Causes cattle abortion From environment Opportunist causing sporadic occurrences of abortion Probably not spread from animal to animal
57
Describe Brucella abortus
Largely eradicated in UK Remains common in many parts of the world Reservoirs of disease in wildlife Chronic infections - granulomatous lesions Organisms enter via phagocytosis at mucosal surfaces Migrate via lymphatic to blood Localises in lymphatics, liver and spleen Organism attracted to placenta in pregnant animals Causes placentitis and abortion Zoonotic Spreads easily through a herd Facultative intracellular pathogen hiding in liver cels
58
How has Brucella abortus been eradicated in the UK?
Vigorous policy of testing for antibody and slaughter of reactors Vaccination using both live and killed vaccines
59
Describe Salmonella enterica infection
``` Causes abortion Invasive serovars (S. Dublin) can cause a septicaemia Invasive serovars can also cause abortion in pregnant animals ```
60
Describe mycotic abortion
Due to Aspergillus sp. mainly Many different fungi recorded as a cause High numbers of fungal spores inhaled or ingested Haematogenous migration to placenta Placentitis and death of foetus Subsequent fertility and health of the cow is unaffected May also cause equine abortion
61
Describe Bovine Infectious infertility
Caused by Campylobacter fetus subsp. venerealis Mucous membrane and prepuce of mature bull Lifelong asymptomatic infection Infection of the cow at service leads to catarrhal inflammation of gential tract, endometritis and inflammation Return to service and infertility Detected by culture - sheath washings, vaginal washings or products of abortion
62
Describe Bovine endometritis
Inflammation of uterine mucosa Non-specific bovine endometritis - Arcanobacterium (Actinomyces) pyogenes, E. coli, Streptococci Leads to pyometra - acute or chronic suppurative infection Luteolysisprevented by inflammation CL retained Drainage prevented by closed cervix
63
What is the main cause of abortion in sheep?
Chlamydophila abortus
64
Describe Chlamydophila abortus
``` Obligate intracellular pathogens Long-term persistent infection Late pregnancy abortion in ewes Subsequent fertility not impaired Enzootic abortion ```
65
What is the reservoir for Chlamydophila abortus?
Sheep infection, faeces and birds Venereal or oral transmission Antigen detection by ELISA and Kosters stain Vaccination prevents new cases but does not clear established infection
66
Describe Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus
Sporadic abortion in cattle and sheep Reservoir in intestinal tract and faeces on pasture Ingestion - invasion - blood - bacteraemia - placenta - abortion
67
Describe canine reproductive tract infections
Pyometra and endometritis - Coliforms (E. coli), Beta-haemolytic streptococci (S. canis, S. zooepidemicus) Prostatitis - non-specific infections, E. coli, Proteus, Streptococci, Staphylococci, Mycoplasma felis
68
Which bacteria causes abortion in mares?
Streptococcus zooepidemicus - Beta-haemolytic streptococci, Lancefield group C
69
Describe contagious equine metritis
``` Taylorella equigenitalis Acute Contagious Venereal transmission Metritis, cervicitis, discharge Originally from USA and eradicated from UK Spread by stallion at service and by fomites Diagnosis by culture and by PCR Serology gives uncertain results ```
70
Describe equine metritis
Klebsiella pneumoniae Serotypes - K1, K5 and K7 Culture to demonstrate freedom from infection

Reproduction (14 decks)

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