3231 Urbanisation

Question 1

Define suburbanisation

Answer 1

This is the movement of people from living in the inner parts of the city to living in the outer edges. It has been facilitated by the the development of transport networks, e.g buses and an increase and car ownership.

Question 2

What are 2 negative consequences of suburbanisation?

Answer 2

There is an increasing social segregation within cities. The wealthy move to suburbs and the poor remain in the inner city
Funding has been diverted away from inner cities to other suburbs to provide better infrastructure and services

Question 3

Define- counter-urbanisation

Answer 3

The movement of people from urban areas to smaller urban areas or rural areas. Leap-frogging the rural fringe. Due to this the difference of rural and urban areas is reduced

Question 4

List 3 causes of counter urbanisation

Answer 4

People want to escape pollution and crime
Car owner ship and greater affluence
Improvements in technology e.g internet can work from home

Question 5

List 3 impacts of counter-urbanisation

Answer 5

Former open areas are built on
Modern housing estates are built on the edges of small settlements
Tension between locals and new comers, local services get shut down as new comers are wealthier and commute further to get the services they need

Question 6

Suggest 3 pieces of evidence for counter-urbanisation

Answer 6

Increased value in housing
Increase in the use of commuter railway station, including car parking for the commuters
Conversions of farm buildings to exclusive residence

Question 7

What is the rural turnaround?

Answer 7

It’s one of a number of processes contributing to social and demographic change in rural areas.

Question 8

What does the rural turnaround involve?

Answer 8

Outmigration of the young- village born adults seeking jobs and education elsewhere
In-migration of young to middle-aged married couples with young children.
However this doesn’t take place in all rural settlements. The ones where this occurs and changed the most and have a range of basic services are called suburbanised villages

Question 9

Define urban resurgence

Answer 9

This is the economic and structural regeneration of an urban area which has suffered a period of decline. This can be initiated by redevelopment schemes.

Question 10

List 4 causes of urban resurgence

Answer 10

Gentrification and regeneration schemes-make cities more attractive
They’ve reinvented themselves as cities of culture e.g Manchester, London and Leeds which has attracted more uni students
Urban redevelopment schemes have transformed run down areas rebranding them as fashionable “quarters” e.g Birmingham
Resurgence can be driven by government-led schemes e.g 2012 London Olympic Games

Question 11

List a positive effect of urban resurgence

Answer 11

The multiplier effect- the redevelopment sets up further improvements and attracts greater investment.

Question 12

List 2 negative effects of urban resurgence

Answer 12

Greater pressure on urban infrastructure, some residents may be displaced as house prices rise
There is increasing inequalities between the rich and the poor.

Question 13

Causes of decline (urban resurgence)

Answer 13

1950’s onwards decline in urban areas due to families moving out to suburbs. Loss of manufacturing and retailing from “downtown” leading to “dead heart syndrome”

Question 14

List 2 causes for resurgence

Answer 14

1990’s sustained national economic growth lead to successful regeneration schemes (more attractive urban designs)
Young people remain in cities even when they started a family . Older people who had left came back to the city to be closer to the urban services

Question 15

Give 2 pieces of evidence for resurgence

Answer 15

NYC high line- it’s a 1.5mile long abandoned rail track which got redeveloped in the 2000’s as an elevated park and walkway
It’s a huge tourist attraction due to their cultural events and artistic commissions. It had a knock on effect for local shops and real estate development has been encouraged

Question 16

Define greenfield site

Answer 16

This is an area which has not been previously built on often found in the rural urban fringe

Question 17

Define ribbon development

Answer 17

This is urban growth and the expansion of suburbs along routes into the CBD

Question 18

Define urban sprawl

Answer 18

The spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside. This happens if there is no planning controls

Question 19

Define green belt

Answer 19

This is an area of land normally surrounding an urban area where development is restricted. It was a strategy to prevent urban sprawl

Question 20

Define rural urban fringe

Answer 20

This is the area beyond the built up area of a town or city

Question 21

Define suburbanised village

Answer 21

This is a village in commuting distance, which receives new comers as a result of counter urbanisation. It shares some of the characteristic of the suburbs.

Question 22

Define deindustrialisation

Answer 22

This is the loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector which occurred in the U.K. in the second half of the 20th Century

Question 23

Define gentrification

Answer 23

This is the process by which individuals or groups of individuals buy and renovate properties, often in more rundown areas. This is fuelled by wealthier individuals

Question 24

Define “dead heart” syndrome

Answer 24

This is the result of loss of manufacturing and retailing from the “downtown” areas of cities which leave a “dead heart”

Question 25

List 5 social impacts of deindustrialisation

Answer 25

Higher levels of crime and family breakdown Increasing in unemployment Higher levels of deprivation Out-migration of population, usually those who are better qualified Loss of confidence and morale in local population

Question 26

List 3 economic impacts of deindustrialisation

Answer 26

Increase in demand for state benefits Closure of other businesses which support closing industry Decline in property prices as out-migration occurs

Question 27

List 3 environmental impacts of deindustrialisation

Answer 27

Derelict land and buildings Long term pollution from dirty industry e.g dye works and iron foundries remains a problem because there is no money for land remediation Reduction in noise, land and water pollution and reduced traffic congestion

Question 28

Define decentralisation

Answer 28

This is the movement of industry away from the inner city and was part of a wider process. It also affected residential and retail land use in the late 20th Century.

Question 29

What's a primary sector job?

Answer 29

Where you get things from the environment e.g fishing, mining

Question 30

What's a secondary sector job?

Answer 30

Doing things with the environments belongings e.g food manufacturing

Question 31

What's tertiary sector job?

Answer 31

Provides services more than goods e.g teacher or doctor

Question 32

What's a quaternary sector job?

Answer 32

Highly specialised, knowledge based and support e.g accountant

Question 33

List 3 reasons for service industry growth

Answer 33

Population growth Financial services are needed to support manufacturing industries As societies become more technologically sophisticated they need a larger range of specialised services to keep them running

Question 34

What are the problems caused by service industry growth ?

Answer 34

Many service jobs are only part time jobs or temporary A lot of people have continued to suffer long-term unemployment The number of services has not always made up for the loss of manufacturing jobs

Question 35

List 2 alpha ++ world cities

Answer 35

New York | London

Question 36

List 3 alpha + world cities

Answer 36

Paris Beijing Sydney

Question 37

Define world city

Answer 37

They have great influence on a global scale, due to financial status and worldwide commercial power

Question 38

What happened in 1979-1991

Answer 38

Property-led initiatives and the creation of entrepreneurial culture

Question 39

When was the partnership schemes and competition led policy?

Answer 39

1991-1997

Question 40

When was the area-based initiatives ?

Answer 40

1997-2000's