Cell and Tissue Injury

Question 1

When/where is coagulative necrosis seen?

Answer 1

in the heart following an MI

Question 2

Compare and contrast the cytoplasm’s changes in necrosis vs apoptosis.

Answer 2

necrosis = swelling apoptosis = shrinking

Question 3

Name the 4 classic types of adaptation.

Answer 3

1) hypertrophy 2) atrophy 3) metaplasia 4) hyperplasia

Question 3

Describe liquefactive necrosis.

Answer 3

dead cell dissolves away as lysosomal hydrolases digest cellular components

Question 3

Why is blood flow decreased in hypothermia?

Answer 3

vasoconstriction with increased blood viscosity

Question 4

What happens when the cell adapts via metaplasia?

Answer 4

one type of tissue is replaced with another

Question 4

Infection of a burn can lead to ____, _____, _____, or ____.

Answer 4

endocarditis, sepsis, septic shock, renal failure

Question 5

How does electricity cause injury or death?

Answer 5

disruption of neural impulses, spasm of chest muscles burns

Question 6

Name 4 areas of the cell that are affected early when the cell is damaged.

Answer 6

1) cell membrane 2) mitochondria 3) ER 4) nucleus

Question 6

What are the 2 types of heat stroke?

Answer 6

1) exertional 2) classic

Question 7

What cells signify an chronic disease?

Answer 7

lymphocytes and macs

Question 8

Give an example of adaptation via atrophy.

Answer 8

shrinkage of skeletal muscles following motor neuron loss

Question 8

What are the signs/symptoms of classic heat stroke?

Answer 8

hot, dry skin; respiratory alkalosis

Question 9

Give an example of adaptation via hypertrophy.

Answer 9

enlargement of the L ventricle 2a to severe, long-term hypertension (myocytes are working harder)

Question 11

What happens to the cell membrane early on when a cell is injured?

Answer 11

lipid peroxidation; accumulation of Na+ and H2O causes cell to swell

Question 12

What cells signify an acute disease?

Answer 12

PMNs

Question 13

Name 2 types of cell death.

Answer 13

1) apoptosis 2) necrosis

Question 14

What happens to the nucleus early on when a cell is injured?

Answer 14

nucleolus appears to change; rRNA synthesis is decreased

Question 14

In a ______ burn, the dermis and dermal appendages survive but usually show blistering.

Answer 14

partial thickness

Question 15

When/where is fat necrosis seen?

Answer 15

acute pancreatitis or trauma in adipose tissue

Question 15

How does acute inflammation damage tissues?

Answer 15

PMNs in the area release enzymes that produce oxygen radicals

Question 17

Most human disease occurs from injury to _____.

Answer 17

the epitheium

Question 17

In a full thickness burn, there is total destruction of the _____ and _____.

Answer 17

epidermis; dermis

Question 19

Give an example of adaptation via hyperplasia.

Answer 19

the increased # of adrenocortical cells secondary to tumor that secretes ACTH

Question 20

What is a free radical?

Answer 20

a chemical species with an unpaired electron

Question 20

How does anemia result from a serious burn?

Answer 20

bone marrow production is suppressed

Question 21

What are the irreversible changes in hypoxia?

Answer 21

1) activation of lysosomal enzyme 2) DNA and protein degradation 3) increased Ca2+ influx

Question 22

Cell death from ischemia is called \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 22

ischemic necrosis

Question 23

Name 4 different kinds of necrosis.

Answer 23

1) caseous 2) liquefactive 3) fat 4) coagulative

Question 24

In a ______ burn, there is total destruction of the epidermis and dermis.

Answer 24

full thickness

Question 26

What is the result of ER injury?

Answer 26

decreased protein synthesis

Question 27

What do free radicals damage?

Answer 27

DNA, RNA, proteins

Question 28

Give an example of adaptation via metaplasia.

Answer 28

chronic reflux causes replacement of stratified squamous epi with columnar epi in the esophagus

Question 29

Name 2 pathogens commonly seen in infections secondary to burns.

Answer 29

1) Pseudomonas aeruginosa 2) staph

Question 30

What happens when the cell adapts via hypertrophy?

Answer 30

cell increases in size and # of organelles 2a to an increase in function

Question 31

What are the reversible changes in hypoxia?

Answer 31

1) decreased ATP 2) decreased Na pump (cell swelling) 3) increased glycolysis 4) decreased protein synthesis

Question 32

What is rhabdomyolysis?

Answer 32

breakdown of skeletal muscle fibers

Question 33

What do free radicals trigger?

Answer 33

lipid peroxidation of membranes

Question 35

Compare and contrast the amount of cells involved in necrosis vs apoptosis.

Answer 35

necrosis = large areas of tissue apoptosis = single cells

Question 36

When/where is caseous necrosis.

Answer 36

only in Tb

Question 37

What happens to the mitochondria early on when a cell is injured?

Answer 37

O2-dependent ATP synthesis is decreased, so ion pumps fail and the mitochondria swells

Question 38

What is karyorrhexis?

Answer 38

a fragmented nucleus

Question 39

What is karyolysis?

Answer 39

breakdown and removal of the fragmented nucleus

Question 41

What happens when the cell adapts via hyperplasia?

Answer 41

the # of cells in the tissue increases

Question 43

What happens to the chromosomal DNA in necrosis vs apoptosis?

Answer 43

necrosis = it is degraded into nonspecific fragments apoptosis = internucleosomal pattern of DNA breakage

Question 44

Neurons can survive ____ without oxygen and muscles can survive \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 44

3-5 minutes; several hours

Question 44

How does reperfusion damage tissues?

Answer 44

xanthine oxidase produces free radicals

Question 45

What happens when cells and tissues are frozen?

Answer 45

increased local concentrations of salt; proteins denature; organelles are injured

Question 47

Name 3 general types of free-radical eliminators.

Answer 47

1) antioxidants 2) catalase 3) glutathione peroxidase

Question 47

What does the morbidity and mortality of a burn injury depend on?

Answer 47

1) total area burned 2) depth of burn 3) thermal injury to lung 4) effective treatment

Question 48

When/where is liquefactive necrosis seen?

Answer 48

acute infection of the brain and spleen

Question 49

Describe caseous necrosis.

Answer 49

central portion of the lymph node is necrotic and chalky-white

Question 50

What happens when the cell adapts via atrophy?

Answer 50

cell decreases in size and functional capacity

Question 52

Name 4 complications of serious burns.

Answer 52

1) neurogenic shock and fluid loss 2) infection 3) hypermetabolic state 4) anemia

Question 53

What are the signs/symptoms of exertional heat stroke?

Answer 53

dry, hot skin; lactic acidosis

Question 54

Pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis are all parts of \_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 54

coagulative necrosis

Question 55

What can classic heat stroke lead to?

Answer 55

hypotension, coma

Question 57

How does O2 therapy damage tissues?

Answer 57

high levels of toxic oxygen radicals are produced

Question 58

Name 2 important free radicals.

Answer 58

O2- and •OH

Question 59

How does the cell restore its ion concentrations after cell damage?

Answer 59

by repairing its membranes

Question 60

What happens to the ER early on when a cell is injured?

Answer 60

cisternae distend and polyribosomes detach

Question 62

In a partial thickness burn, the _____ and _____ survive but usually show \_\_\_\_.

Answer 62

dermis; dermal appendages; blistering

Question 63

What can exertional heat stroke lead to?

Answer 63

rhabdomyolysis, necrosis of renal tubules (ATN), DIC, multi-organ failure

Question 64

What is fat necrosis?

Answer 64

fats are hydrolyzed into free fatty acids that precipitate Ca2+ producing a chalky-gray material

Question 65

How can hypothermia lead to death?

Answer 65

slowing of metabolic processes, esp in the brain

Question 66

What is coagulative necrosis?

Answer 66

cytoplasm more eosinophilic; nucleus shrinks; chromatin becomes basophilic and clumps

Question 67

Name 2 examples of antioxidants.

Answer 67

1) uric acid 2) vitamin E