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D&D- Cell Injury > Chemical Mediators of Inflammation I > Flashcards

Chemical Mediators of Inflammation I Flashcards

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1
Q

What cells make ROS?

A

all leukocytes

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1
Q

What is the problem with ROS?

A

they’re nonspecific- collateral damage

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2
Q

What are the functions of chemokines?

A

chemotaxis, migration of inflammatory cells

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3
Q

What is a basophil called when it enters the tissue?

A

a mast cell

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4
Q

Why are mediators short lived?

A

b/c of decay, inactivation, inhibition, scavenging

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4
Q

Where do mast cells mature?

A

CT and mucosa

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4
Q

What inactivates histamine?

A

histaminase

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5
Q

What does IL-1 do?

A

activates other inflammatory cells

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6
Q

What are the delayed effects of histamine?

A

white blood cell chemotaxis

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6
Q

Where do chemokines come from?

A

inflammatory cells, endothelial cells

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7
Q

What causes histamine release?

A

the antigen- IgE interaction of plasma cells

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8
Q

What cells make histamine?

A

mast cells, basophils, and platelets

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9
Q

Usually local, cell derived mediators are _____.

A

inflammatory

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of action for most chemical mediators?

A

receptor mediated

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9
Q

What are the immediate effects of histamine?

A

causes vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction, mucus secretion, and increased vascular permeability,

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9
Q

What synthesizes eicosanoids?

A

WBCs, platelets, endothelial cells

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11
Q

What is the time frame for acute inflammation?

A

minutes- hours

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12
Q

What are the major effects of eicosanoids?

A

1) vasodilation 2) vasoconstriction 3) vascular permeability 4) chemotaxis 5) platelet aggregation 6) smooth muscle contraction

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13
Q

What is the function of nNOS?

A

vasodilation, neurotransmitter release

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13
Q

What regulates the half life of NO?

A

the rate of synthesis

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15
Q

Liver, plasma derived mediators can be ____, ____, or _____.

A

coagulation factors/kinins, complement, acute phase proteins

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15
Q

What are the effects of the mediators on bronchial smooth muscle?

A

constriction

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16
Q

What is endocrine-like signaling?

A

a cell releases a signal that binds to receptors very far away; distant, systemic affects

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17
Q

Inflammatory cells lack ____ and ____, so they communicate via receptor-mediated signals.

A

cell junctions; synapses

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18
What are the major effects of platelet activating factor?
1) platelet activation/stimulation 2) vasoconstriction 3) vasodilation and vascular permeability 4) chemotaxis and leukocyte activation 5) bronchospasm 6) neutrophil oxidative burst
19
Where does platelet activating factor come from?
platelets, neutrophils, basophils, mast cells, macs, endothelial cells
19
What are the systemic effects of TNF?
liver, anorexia, sleepiness, stimulates liver to make more acute phase proteins
20
What cells make cytokines?
lymphocytes, macs, EC
20
Where does interferon come from?
T lymphocytes, NK cells
22
What are the peptide mediators?
bradykinin, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, substance P, cytoplasmic enzymes
23
What cells make platelet-activating factor?
all leukocytes, EC
23
What inactivates ROS?
superoxide dismutates, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, cerulolplasmin, transferrin
24
What are the eicosanoids derived from?
arachidonic acid/membrane phospholipids
24
What are the 3 kinds of NO and where to they come from?
1) iNOS (endothelium, smooth muscle, macs) 2) eNOS (endothelial cells) 3) nNOS (neural parenchyma)
25
Where do cytokines come from?
macs, lymphocytes, endothelial cells
26
Which cells store mediators?
neutrophils, macs
27
Where do local, cell derived mediators come from?
endothelial cells, nerve twigs, smooth muscle, epithelial cells, fibroblasts (the site of injury)
28
What is different about histamine and serotonin release?
histamine is immediately released; serotonin takes a release process
29
What inactivates stored mediators?
antiproteases
30
What are the important acute phase mediators?
TNF, IL-1, chemokines
31
What makes PAF acetyl hydrolases?
the liver and local inflammatory cells
32
Most mediators are \_\_\_\_\_.
local, cell derived
33
What does histamine do?
causes vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction, mucus secretion, increased vascular permeability, and white blood cell chemotaxis
35
Which chemical mediators use a direct affect?
RAS, lysosomal enzymes, macs and neutrophil granules
36
What does substance P do?
pain signaling, modulates vascular tone and permeability
37
What inactivates platelet activating factor?
PAF acetyl hydrolases
39
What cells make lysosomal enzymes?
neutrophils, macs
40
Where does interleukin come from?
macs
42
What are the effects of the mediators systemically/physiologically?
fever, pain, acute phase rxn
43
What are the oxygen-based mediators?
activated oxygen species, NO
45
What does serotonin do?
it's similar to histamine
46
What is paracrine signaling?
cell releasing a signal that binds to a receptor on a nearby cell
47
What are some exogenous chemical mediators?
bacterial lipopolysaccharides, endotoxins, tissue debris
49
What are the amine mediators?
histamine, serotonin
50
What are the eicosanoids?
prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, lipoxins
51
What are the important chronic phase mediators?
interferon
52
What are the effects of the mediators on inflammatory cells?
chemotaxis, activation
53
What are the granules in stored mediators?
enzymes
54
What stimulates ROS release?
cytokines, endothelial cell damage
56
What are the local effects of TNF?
endothelial activation, thrombogenesis, fibroblast stimulation, activates other inflammatory cells, stimulates acute phase rxn
58
What causes serotonin release?
platelet aggregation due to collagen, thrombin, PAF, or TXA2
60
Where are prostaglandins made?
all leukocytes, platelets, EC
61
What cells make serotonin?
platelets
62
What are the functions of interferons?
activation of inflammatory cells, interfere w viral replication, tumor defense
63
What cells make NO?
macs
64
What is the effect of a single chemical mediator?
1) direct effects on specific tissues 2) cause release of other mediators 3) cause opposite effects
65
What kind of inflammation is typically associated with macs?
granulomatous
66
What causes TNF to be released?
bacterial endotoxins, immune complexes, tissue injury
67
Where does TNF come from?
activated macs, lymphocytes, mast cells
68
Which chemical mediators are made as-needed?
most of them
69
What cells make leukotrienes?
all leukocytes
70
Where do the reactive oxygen species come from?
leukocytes (macs, neutrophils), endothelial cells
71
What is the job of an eicosanoid?
signaling molecules
72
What is the time frame for repair?
days- weeks- months- years
74
What is NO formed from?
L-arginine by nitric oxide synthase
76
Which chemical mediators are pre-formed and stored in secretory vesicles?
histamine, serotonin, substance P, enzymes
77
What are the lipid mediators?
prostaglandins, leukotrienes, platelet activating factor
78
What is the time frame for chronic inflammation?
hours- days or longer
79
What are the 3 categories of chemical mediators of inflammation?
1) local, cell derived 2) liver, plasma derived 3) exogenous sources
80
What is the function of iNOS?
vasodilation, chemotaxis, toxic effects on microbes
81
What is the lifespan of a mediator?
usually short lived- rapidly degraded
82
Where does histaminase come from?
the liver, neutrophils, and macs
83
What is autocrine signaling?
cell releasing a signal that binds to a receptor on itself
84
What is the function of eNOS?
vasodilation, reduced leukocyte/platelet adhesion
85
What are the effects of the mediators on the blood vessels?
dilation, contraction, permeability
86
Name the 4 major types of inflammatory mediators (chemistry).
1) amine 2) lipids 3) peptides 4) oxygen based species
87
Where is substance P made?
nerve twigs in the lung or GI tract

D&D- Cell Injury (13 decks)

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