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Pharmacology > Powerpoint 1 > Flashcards

Powerpoint 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What are the drug indications

A

The specific disease or condition for which the drug product is approved

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1
Q

What is a drug

A

A substance used to diagnose, prevent or treat disease.

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2
Q

What are the contraindications

A

The reasons why you shouldn’t use it. Ie: pregnancy

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3
Q

What is xylotol used for

A

It is a sugar free solvent for many human drugs. Toxic to dogs

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4
Q

What is the veterinarian-client-patient relationship for rx drugs

A

The veterinarian has assumed responsibility for making clinical judgement about the health of the animals and the need for treatment.

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5
Q

What does the vet have to do for the animal to get medicine

A

The vet has sufficient knowledge of the animal to issue a diagnosis. Must have seen the animal recently and must be available for follow up evaluation of the patient

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6
Q

What are the drug sources

A

Plants, minerals, animals, synthesized

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7
Q

What does xylotol cause in dogs

A

Causes liver necrosis and hyperglycemia due to insulin release. Aka seizure and death.

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8
Q

What are inactive ingredients

A

Classified as binders, coatings, colouring agents, disintegrates, emulsifiers, fillers, flavourings, flow agents, humectants, preservatives

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9
Q

Describe prescription drugs

A

May have toxic effects
Has been approved for specific uses etc
Has contraindications.
Sometimes has extra label it off label use

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10
Q

What is a drug regimen

A

Includes the dose, the route of administration, the frequency, the duration

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11
Q

What is a dosage

A

The general principal

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12
Q

What is a dose

A

The quantity of specific time

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13
Q

What are the control drugs groups

A

Five schedules.. According to their potential for abuse. The schedule is designated with a C with a Roman numeral 1,2,3,4,5

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14
Q

Describe schedule 1 drugs

A

Substances with no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. Heroin etc

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15
Q

Describe schedule 2 drugs

A

Drugs have accepted medical uses but have a high potential for abuse. Codeine etc

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16
Q

Describe schedule 3 drugs

A

Less potential for abuse

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17
Q

Which drugs have to be kept in a locked cabinet

A

2-5

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18
Q

What are the technician responsibility for all drugs

A

Make sure the correct drug is administered
Administer by correct route Nd correct time
Observe animals response to drugs
Question unclear orders
Put labels on containers
Explain medicine instructions to clients
Put into into medical record

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19
Q

What are pharmacokinetics

A

Includes the stdy of mechanisms of absorption and distribution of the administered drugs.. The chemical changes of the substances in the metabolism and the effects and routes of excretion of the metabolites of the drug

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20
Q

Where is a drug first absorbed/placed

A

Into the blood stream

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21
Q

How can a drug move in the blood stream

A

May bind with a plasma protein or may exist in the free state

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22
Q

Where does a drug go from the bloodstream

A

Distributes the drug to the capillary level

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23
Q

Where does the drug go from the capillary level

A

Into the interstitial fluid. It enters the cell or binds with surface receptors

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24
Q

Where does the drug go from the cell

A

Exits the cell and moves back to the interstitial fluid, reenters the circulation and is transported to the liver for metabolism.

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25
Q

Where does the drug go after it is metabolized in the liver

A

The metabolite is transported to the kidneys for excretion

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26
Q

What are the routes of administration

A

Oral
Parenteral
Inhalation
Topical

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27
Q

What does pharmokinetics involve

A 
Routes of administration
Drug absorption
Drug distribution
Biotransformation (metabolism)
Drug excretion
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28
Q

What does the therapeutic index tell you ?

A

Lethal Dose 50/ Effective dose 50

Safe range for a drug.

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29
Q

What type of drugs does the kidney filter

A

Water soluble

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30
Q

What type of drugs does the liver excrete

A

Fat soluble, through the bile

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31
Q

Where else are drugs excreted from other than the kidney or liver

A 
Mammary glands 
Lungs
Intestinal tract
Sweat gland 
Salivary glands 
Skin
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32
Q

What is pharmacodynamics

A

Study of the mechanism by which drugs produce physiologic changes in the body. How a drug works and it’s mechanism of action

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33
Q

What is an antagonist

A

Blocker

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34
Q

What is an agonist

A

Activates the receptor

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35
Q

What is a partial agonist

A

Partially activates the receptor

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36
Q

What are the different types of drug interactions

A

Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, pharmaceutic

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37
Q

What is pharmacokinetic

A

How the drug moves through the body

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38
Q

What is a pharmacodynamic interaction

A

The action of one drug is altered by another. These reactions occur at the site of drug action.

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39
Q

What is an antagonistic interaction in terms of pharmacodynamic interaction

A

Ie: a reversal agent.

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40
Q

What is an additive action in terms of pharmacodynamic interaction

A

Ie: combining to produce two effects

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41
Q

What is synergistic interaction in terms of pharmacodynamic interactions

A

Helps to aid in an effect

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42
Q

What is pharmaceutic interaction

A

When physical or chemical changes take place as a result of mixing drugs in a syringe or other container

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43
Q

What is drug compounding

A

Combine two or more drugs to make something new etc

Diluting a drug etc

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44
Q

What is the cba composed of

A

The brain and the spinal cord

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45
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system composed of

A

Everything else

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46
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system divided into

A

Afferent and efferent

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47
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system divided into

A

Somatic and autonomic nervous system

48
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system composed of

A

Efferent nerve cells that carry info from the cns to cardiac muscle, glands and smooth muscle. Involuntary

49
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic.

50
Q

How are nerve impulses transmitted

A

Sodium potassium pump.

51
Q

What is a synapse

A

How one nerve cell communicates with another

52
Q

What are the different types of receptors

A

Muscarinic, nicotonic and adrenergic

53
Q

What are the 4 ways that drugs can effect neurotransmitters

A

Mimicking neurotransmitter
Interfering with neurotransmitter release
Blocking the attachment of neurotransmitters to receptors
Interferes with the breakdown of neurotransmitters

54
Q

What are the neurotransmitters

A 
Acetylcholine
Norepinephrine 
Dopamine
Serotonin
GABA
55
Q

What are the two classes of autonomic nervous system agents

A

Cholinergic agent and adrenergic agent

56
Q

What are the types of cholinergic agents

A

Direct acting cholinergics,

indirect acting cholinergics anticholinesterase agent

57
Q

With both classes of autonomic nervous system agents what are there

A

Blocking agents. Cholinergic blocking agent and adrenergic blocking agent

58
Q

What do adrenergic agents act like in the body

A

Like the sympathetic nervous system i.e. epinephrine

59
Q

What do cholinergic agents do

A

Aid in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis,
reduce the inter-ocular pressure of glaucoma,
stimulate G.I. motility,
treat urinary retention,
control vomiting,
act as an antidote for neuromuscular blockers.

60
Q

What are the direct acting cholinergics that are most important

A

Bethanechol
Pilocarpine
Metoclopramide

61
Q

What does bethanechol do

A

Is used to treat GI and urinary tract atony

62
Q

What does pilocarpine do?

A

Reduces intraocular pressure associated with glaucoma

63
Q

What does metacopramide do

A

Metoclopramide is used to control vomiting and to promote gastric tract emptying

64
Q

What is the most important indirect acting cholinergic agent

A

Organophosphate compounds that are commonly used in the insecticide dips and may result in toxicity if used inappropriately.

65
Q

What are the adverse side effects of excessive cholinergic stimulation

A

Bradycardia, hypotension, heart block, lacrimation, diarrhea, vomiting, increased intestinal activity, intestinal rupture, increased bronchial secretions

66
Q

What are cholinergic blocking agents

A

Drugs that block the action of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors of the sympathetic nervous system

67
Q

What are the clinical uses of atropine and glycopyrrolate

A

Treatment of diarrhea and vomiting by decreasing G.I. motility,
as a preanesthetic to dry secretions and prevent bradycardia,
to dilute the pupils for ophthalmic examination,
to relieve ciliary spasm of the eye,
to treat sinus bradycardia

68
Q

Why do we use atropine and glycopyrrolate as a preanesthetic

A

For sedation, decreased dose of prescription of anesthetic. prevents problems caused by other prescriptions, pain management

69
Q

Describe atropine

A

Used as a pre-Anna static to dry secretions and to prevent bradycardia, as an antidote to organophosphate poisoning in, to dilute the pupils for ophthalmic examination, to control ciliary spasms of the eye, to treat sinus bradycardia, to slow a hypermotile gut

70
Q

Whats the difference between atropine and glycopyrolate

A

It provides longer action than atropine and is used primarily as a preanesthetic. Doesn’t result in a higher heart rate. Does not get degraded by atropinase

71
Q

What are the adverse side effects of anticholinergics

A

Overdose can cause drowsiness, disorientation, tachycardia, photophobia, constipation, anxiety, burning at the injection site

72
Q

What is the purpose of giving a pre-anesthetic

A

Sedate, decrease dose of drugs to administer, prevent problems caused by other drugs, pain management

73
Q

Why is atropine not effective in rabbits and some cats

A

Because rabbits and cats have atropinase which destroys atropine

74
Q

Will atropine or glycopyrrolate cause sedation ?

A

No

75
Q

What do adrenergic agents do

A

Bring about action at receptors mediated by epinephrine or norepinephrine

76
Q

What are the two things adrenergic agents may be classified as

A

Catecholamines or noncatecholamines.

77
Q

How are adrenergic agents classified

A

They are also classified by receptor type activated

78
Q

What are adrenergic agents used for

A

To stimulate the heart to beat during cardiac arrest, to reverse the hypotension and bronchoconstriction of anaphylactic shock, to strengthen the heart during congestive heart failure or, to correct hypotension through vasoconstriction, to reduce Cappellar he bleeding through vasoconstriction, to treat urinary incontinence, to reduce mucous membrane congestion in allergic conditions, to prolong the effects of local unaesthetic agents by causing Vasoconstriction of blood vessels at the injection site

79
Q

Which receptors does epinephrine stimulate

A

Epinephrine stimulates all for receptors.

80
Q

What are the effects of epinephrine in the body

A

To cause an increase in heart rate and cardiac output. Constriction of the blood vessels in the skin. Dilation of blood vessels and muscle. Dilation of the bronchioles. Increase in metabolic rate

81
Q

What is phenylephrine used for

A

It is an alpha stimulator that is used as a nasal vasoconstrictior for kittens with rhino

82
Q

What does phenylpropanolamine used for

A

Urinary incontence in dogs

83
Q

What are beta agonists used for

A

Bronchodilation

84
Q

What do tranquilizers do and give two examples of them

A

Tranquilizers such as Acepromazine and droperidol act as Alpha blockers and cause vasodilation

85
Q

What is yohimbine used for

A

Yohimbine is used as an antidote for xylazine toxicity

86
Q

What is atipamezole (antisedan) used for

A

It is a reversal agent for medetomidine (dormitor)

87
Q

What do beta blockers do

A

Slow heart rate down

88
Q

What are two types of beta blockers

A

Propranolol and atenolol

89
Q

What are the types of adrenergic receptors

A

Alpha 1,2 and Beta 1,2

90
Q

Where are beta 1 receptors located and what do they do

A

Beta-1 receptors are located in the heart. They increase the heart rate, the strength of contraction by the cardiac muscle.

91
Q

What are beta-2 receptors and where are they found

A

Beta-2 receptors are found in smooth muscles surrounding blood vessels of the heart, skeletal muscles, arterioles, and the terminal bronchioles in the lungs. Beta-2 receptors cause vasodilation and dilation of the airways in the lungs a.k.a. bronchodilation

92
Q

Where are the alpha-1 receptors and what do they do

A

The alpha-1 receptors cause smooth muscles surrounding blood vessels in the skin and intestinal track to contract which decreases blood flow. Vasoconstriction via the flight or fight response

93
Q

What’s special about acepromazine

A

It is a tranquilizer that has a side effect of causing hypotension. Causes vasodilation

94
Q

Where are alpha 2 receptors located and what do they do

A

Alpha-2 receptors are located on the ends of adrenergic neurons where they help regulate the release of norepinephrine

95
Q

What do alpha-2 agonist do

A

Located on the terminal Bhutto of norepinephrine secreted merlins they decrease norepinephrine release from the neuron both within the central nervous system as well as the peripheral nervous system

96
Q

What is acepromazine used for

A

Sedation and to allay fear and anxiety without producing significant analgesia. Produce an antiemetic effect by depressing the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the brain. Have a mild Antipuritic effect. Reduce the tendency of epinephrine to induced cardiac arrhythmias

97
Q

Why do we use Acepromazine as a pre-anesthetic

A

Because it calms the animal

98
Q

What are the adverse affects to acepromazine

A

Can cause hypotension and hypothermia through their vasodilation a fact. They can also induce seizures in epileptic animals. Contraindicated in young, geriatric, sick animals.

99
Q

What’s special about Acepromazine

A

There is no reversal agent

100
Q

What are some benzodiazepine derivatives

A

Valium, versed, Xanax

101
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Valium

A

Causes depression of the thalamus and hypothalamic areas of the brain. Produces sedation, muscle relaxation, appetite stimulation, anticonvulsant activity. Often used in combination with ketamine to induce short-term Anesthesia. Diazepam is very useful for treating Seizures in progress but not preventative due to short half life

102
Q

What is special about diazepam

A

Should be stored at room temperature and protected from light, should not be stored in plastic, should not be mixed with other medication, diazepam is metabolized by the liver and eliminated by the kidneys

103
Q

What is xylazine? What are some side effects to xylazine? What reverses it?

A

Xylazine is a alpha 2 agonist with sedative and analGesic and muscle relaxant properties. This agent causes vomiting in a large percentage of cats. Xylazine is reversed by yohimbine

104
Q

What is dormitor. What are some side effects of dormitor. What is the reversal agent for dormitor.

A

Dormitor is an alpha-2 adrenergic agonist used as a sedative and analgesic in dogs older than 12 weeks of age. Adverse side effects are bradycardia, decreased respiration, hypothermia, vomiting, hyperglycemia. Reversed by antisedan.

105
Q

What are the three types of barbiturates. What are they used for. What are some common side effects

A

Long acting barbiturates, short acting barbiturates and ultra short acting barbiturates. They are used as sedatives, anticonvulsants, general anesthetic, euthanasia agent. They depress the respiratory system

106
Q

What are long acting barbiturates. How long do they last for. What are they used for. What class of controlled substance are they

A

Phenobarbital is a long acting barbiturate. It lasts for 8 to 12 hours. Use as an anticonvulsant to prevent epileptic seizures. It is a class 4 controlled substance

107
Q

What are short acting barbiturate. How long does the sedation last for. What is it used for. What class of controlled substance is it

A

Pentobarbital sodium provides 1 to 2 hours of general anesthesia. It is a euthanasia agent. It is a class 2 controlled substance

108
Q

What are ultra short acting barbiturates. What is special about them

A

Thiobarbiturates. Must be given iv in order to avoid necrosis. Redistrubuted to the fat stores within 5-30 mins. Can cause apnea if administered too quickly and CNS excitement if done too slowly

109
Q

What are the two types of Thiobarbiturates

A

Thiopental: general anesthetic
Methohexital: 5-10 min anesthesia for thin animals.

110
Q

What are special instructions for barbiturates

A

Not for old young or critically ill animals, barbiturates depressed the respiratory system, cause tissue injury if out of the vein

111
Q

What is ketamine considered. What does it do.

A

Ketamine is a disassociative agent. It causes involuntary muscle rigidity, amnesia and analgesia. laryngeal reflexes are maintained and muscle tone is increased.

112
Q

Where are opioid receptors located

A

In the brain, spinal cord, digestive tract.

113
Q

What are the four opioid receptors

A

Mu, Kappa, Sigma, Delta

114
Q

Describe synthetic narcotics and their uses

A

Produce analgesia and sedation while reducing anxiety and fear. Narcotic effects are produced when they act on opiate receptors in the brain. Used as preanesthetic’s or post anesthetics because of their sedative and analGesic properties. Sometimes used alone or in combination with tranquilizers.

115
Q

List a few synthetic narcotic’s

A 
Demerol,
Oxymorphone,
Torbugesic
Fentanyl
Hydrocodone
Etorphine
Lomotil
Apomorphine
Buprenorphine
116
Q

What is buprenorphine used for

A

It is a potent analGesic that is used in several small animal species. Good for mild to moderate pain. Provides longer duration of analgesia than other opioids

117
Q

What are the opioid reversal agents

A

Naloxone

118
Q

What is neuroleptanalgesia

A

Opioid combined with a tranquilizer. Used for sedation unrestrained to produce anesthesia

Pharmacology (15 decks)

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