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Pharmacology > Chapter 14 - Pain And Inflammation > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Pain And Inflammation Flashcards

0
Q

in which free nerve endings do pain sensations arise

A

Nociceptors

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1
Q

Why does pain sensation arise

A

Nerve endings may be activated through mechanical, thermal, chemical stimulation

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2
Q

Where are nociceptors located

A

Skin, joints, blood vessel walls, periosteum, hollow organs, parietal surfaces of thorax and abdomen

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3
Q

What is superficial pain

A

Paid that arises in subcutaneous tissue.

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4
Q

What is deep pain

A

Associated with skeletal muscles, tendons, bones, joints. Visceral pain

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5
Q

Why can pain be harmful

A

Because it leads to stress and related problems such as gastrointestinal lesions, immunosuppression, delayed healing, hypertension, potential dysrhythmias

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6
Q

What is the first step in the pain pathway

A

Transduction or stimulation

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7
Q

What is the second step in the pain pathway

A

Spinal cord transmission

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8
Q

What is the third step in the pain pathway

A

Modulation

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9
Q

What is the fourth step in the pain pathway

A

Perception of pain

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10
Q

What are type C unmyelinated fibers responsible for

A

Dull, poorly localized pain in humans

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11
Q

What are type a Delta fibers responsible for

A

Sharp, localized pain

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12
Q

Where do type a and type C fibers carry impulses to

A

To the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

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13
Q

What are the responses to pain

A

Increased heart rate, increased respiratory rate, mydriasis, salvation, vocalization, changes in facial expression, guarding of the painful site, restlessness, unresponsiveness, failure to groom, abnormal gait, abnormal stands, rolling

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14
Q

How is the perception of pain enhanced

A

Hyperalgesia and central sensitization.

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15
Q

What is central sensitization

A

The idea that pain control is enhanced if analgesia is given before pain is generated. It is a preemptive pain medication

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16
Q

What are analgesics

A

Drugs used to control pain include NSAIDs and narcotics.

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17
Q

What are the bodies own opiate like analgesics

A

Endorphins

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18
Q

How can you pharmacologically intervene with pain

A

By targeting a single or multiple points of the pain process

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19
Q

What can transduction be inhibited by

A

Opioids and nsaids

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20
Q

What can transmission of nerve impulses be inhibited by

A

Local anesthetics and alpha 2 agonists

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21
Q

How can you modulate pain impulses in the spinal cord

A

Through the effects of local anesthetic, opioids, Alpha 2 agonists, tricyclic antidepressant, nsaid, anticonvulsant

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22
Q

How can pain perception in the cortex be inhibited

A

By use of anesthetic, opioid, benzodiazepine and alpha 2 agonist

23
Q

What does damage to cells result in

A

Release of several chemical mediators that may initiate or prolong the inflammatory response

24
Q

What are the chemical mediators of inflammation

A

Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, histamine, cytokines

25
Q

What do the mediators of inflammation do

A

Exacerbate a pain response

26
Q

What happens if you reduce inflammation

A

You reduce ️pain

27
Q

How do NSAIDs work

A

Inhibit an enzyme called cyclooxygenase. Cox. Two forms: Cox 1 and Cox 2 exist

28
Q

What is cox 1

A

Maintains physiologic functions such as modulation of renal bloodflow and synthesis of gastric mucosal

29
Q

What does cox 2 do

A

Promotes the formation of prostaglandins from cell membrane arachodonic acid.

30
Q

Which NSAIDs are less harsh: cox 1 or cox 2 inhibitors ?

A

Cox 2 inhibitors. Produce fewer gastrointestinal side effects

31
Q

What is the short term use of NSAIDs

A

Preoperative/preemptive pain control

32
Q

What is the long term use of NSAIDs

A

Older dogs with osteoarthritis

33
Q

What does cox 1 do with the stomach mucus

A

Plays an important role in causing the secretion of stomach protective mucus, maintaining blood supply to the stomach and decreasing acid production

34
Q

What does cox 1 do with the kidney

A

Cox 1 prostaglandins counteracted vasoconstriction and allowed vasodilation of the renal blood supply

35
Q

What are glucocorticoids

A

Exert their effects by blocking Phospholipase an enzyme necessary for the production of both prostaglandins and leukotrienes. Intervention is provided earlier in the sequence of the formation of inflammatory mediators. Because the inflammatory reaction is blocked earlier by glucocorticoids they are more effective anti inflammatory agents than NSAIDs

36
Q

What are the common side effects of NSAIDs

A

Most common side effects are gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding. Other side effects may include hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, inhibition of cartilage metabolism, bone marrow suppression, bleeding tendencies

37
Q

What should dogs and cats on prolonged and nsaid use have

A

Routine biochemistry done before the start of nsaids and every six months while on NSAIDs to check for liver and kidney function

38
Q

What are the precautions for nsaids

A

Do not give more than one type of nsaid at a time, prevent accidental ingestion, always give with food, stop if vomiting or diarrhea, always check if animal seems not well

39
Q

What does aspirin do

A

Causes ulcerations and bleeding out. Relief of mild to moderate pain caused by musculoskeletal conditions such as arthritis and hip dysplasia

40
Q

What is special about cats with aspirin

A

They’re highly susceptible to aspirin overdose because of their inability to metabolize it rapidly.

41
Q

What is phenylbutazone

A

Banamine. Anti-inflammatory medication for horses

42
Q

What is DMSO

A

It is an anti-inflammatory and has the ability to act as a carrier of other agents through the skin. It is not a nsaid.

43
Q

What is special about tylenol with cats

A

Cat lacks liver enzymes to metabolize the drug safely. Produces metabolites that are toxic to the liver

44
Q

What is carprofen

A

Propionic acid derivative nsaid that has been approved for oral use in dogs. Carprofen has been approved for oral and injectable use in dogs and cats.

45
Q

How long is the rimadyl-carprofen half life

A

8 hours.

46
Q

How does rimadyl work

A

By inhibiting cox 2 and doesn’t cause ulcers.

47
Q

What is the clinical use of rimadyl

A

Relief of pain associate.d with degenerative joint disease and postoperative pain resulting from soft tissue or orthopaedic repair.

48
Q

What is the dosage form of rimadyl

A

Available in tablets etc

49
Q

What are the adverse side effects of carprofen

A

Side effects such as gastrointestinal ulceration and bleeding are apparently rare with this agent

50
Q

What does ibuprofen cause

A

Ulcers and gastric bleeding

51
Q

What is deramax

A

An analgesic and a nsaid against the coxib. Control of pain and inflammation

52
Q

What is previcox

A

NSAID that belongs to coxib class. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with osteoarthritis

53
Q

What is metacam

A

Cox 2 receptor nsaid. It has aninflammatory, analgesia and antipyretic. Used to control pain associated with surgical procedures and arthritis t

54
Q

What are the adverse side effects of metacam

A

Similar to other NSAIDs

Pharmacology (15 decks)

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