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CMBM Exam 4 CL > Regulation of Metabolism (Jenney) > Flashcards

Regulation of Metabolism (Jenney) Flashcards

1
Q

Cells exist as systems that are in what kind of state?

A

Dynamic, steady

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2
Q

How do cells maintain their state?

A

By using energy and raw materials provided by a ‘constant’ flux of nutrients.

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3
Q

What do cells use when external nutrient flux wanes?

A

They use stored raw materials to make energy/building blocks.

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4
Q

How are internal fuel concentrations (i.e. what?) maintained at all times?

A

The fuel, glucose, is maintained by switching between internal and external fuel sources as needed.

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5
Q

What is the unit of energy?

A

ATP

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6
Q

How is the unit of energy generated?

A

By the oxidation of fuels

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7
Q

What is the common redox agent/electron carrier?

A

NAD(P)H

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8
Q

What carries electrons from catabolism to ETC?

A

NADH

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9
Q

What carries electrons for anabolism?

A

NADPH

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10
Q

What are the 7 major metabolic pathways?

A 
Glycolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Glycogen metabolism
Fatty acid metabolism
Citric acid cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
Amino acid metabolism
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11
Q

Which metabolic pathways can the liver carry out?

A

All of them.

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12
Q

How does regulation of metabolic pathways occur?

A

Compartmentalization inside the cell
Reciprocal regulation of metabolic pathway enzymes
Organ specialization
Hormonal regulation

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13
Q

What is the primary fuel of the brain?

A

Glucose

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14
Q

Under prolonged starvation, the brain uses what for fuel?

A

Ketone bodies for up to 70% of energy.

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15
Q

Which glucose transporter is used by the brain?

A

GLUT3

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16
Q

[Glucose] > ___ leads to coma and death?

A

2.2 mM

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17
Q

What molecules can cross the blood-brain barrier that can be used by the brain as fuel? Is this common?

A

Medium chain fatty acids - typically doesn’t happen, but it can.

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18
Q

What does muscle use as fuel sources?

A

Glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies

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19
Q

What does the muscle store its fuel as?

A

Glycogen

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20
Q

How does the Cori cycle work?

A

Pyruvate becomes lactate to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis. Lactic acid and decreased pH decrease efficiency, so the lactate is released to the blood, where it travels to the liver to undergo gluconeogenesis.

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21
Q

In resting state, how much of muscle energy comes from fatty acids?

A

85%

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22
Q

During starvation or excessive activity, amino acids are broken down. Muscles cannot convert ______ into urea.

A

Ammonia

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23
Q

During starvation or excessive activity, amino acids are broken down. What does alanine aminotransferase do at this point?

A

Transfers the amino group to pyruvate to make alanine, which is then released to the blood and then the liver to remove NH3 to make pyruvate.

24
Q

Does cardiac muscle function aerobically or anaerobically?

A

Aerobically

25
Q

Does cardiac have glycogen reserves?

A

No

26
Q

What serves as the primary fuel for cardiac muscle?

A

Fatty acids

27
Q

What is the preferred secondary fuel of cardiac muscle?

A

Ketone bodies

28
Q

What else can serve as fuel for cardiac muscle?

A

Lactate

29
Q

Explain at the most basic level what happens after fatty acid synthesis.

A

Fatty acids synthesized in the liver are converted to triacylglycerols,which are shipped to adipose tissue by VLDLs.

30
Q

What activates extracellular lipases to cut off free fatty acids?

A

Insulin

31
Q

Why is a steady supply of glucose required to generate glycerol-3P for TAG?

A

There’s no glycerol kinase in adipose.

32
Q

When blood glucose concentrations are ______, glucagon activates ______.

A

…..low…..lipase…..

33
Q

What carries free fatty acids to tissues?

A

Serum albumin

34
Q

What is the primary role of the kidney?

A

To excrete water-soluble waste.

35
Q

During prolonged starvation, kidney cortex cells may produce up to __% of blood glucose.

A

50

36
Q

What maintains blood glucose concentrations?

A

The liver.

37
Q

What regulates the concentrations of nearly all metabolites in the blood?

A

The liver.

38
Q

How much of a supply of glucose does the liver maintain in the form of glycogen?

A

About 1 day’s worth.

39
Q

What does the liver produce in the fed state?

A

Fatty acids for storage.

40
Q

What does the liver produce in the starved state?

A

Ketone bodies

41
Q

Glucokinase only pulls glucose into the liver for storage when glucose levels are what?

A

High

42
Q

What does the liver lack that prevents it from using ketone bodies as fuel?

A

CoA transferase

43
Q

Which body parts have urea cycle enzymes?

A

Liver & kidney

44
Q

Which metabolites connect the many pathways?

A

Glucose 6-phosphate, pyruvate, acetyl CoA

45
Q

What hormone is released from the adrenal gland during times of stress?

A

(Nor)epinephrine

46
Q

Epinephrine binds receptors on what tissue and/or organs?

A

Muscle, adipose, liver

47
Q

What does epinephrine do for liver, muscle, and adipose?

A

Liver - gluconeogenesis, glycogen phosphorylase, inactivates glycogen synthase to mobilize glucose.
Muscle - promotes glycolysis by raising fructose-2, 6-BP, which activates PFK.
Adipose - mobilizes fatty acids.

48
Q

______ blood glucose concentration causes a release of ______ from alpha cells in pancreas islets of Langerhans.

A

Low…..glucagon…..

49
Q

______ blood glucose concentration causes the release of ______ from beta cells of of pancreas islets of Langerhans.

A

High……insulin…..

50
Q

Cortisol is a hormone that does what?

A

Indicates long-term stress, e.g. anxiety, fear, pain, infection, chronically low blood glucose concentration.

51
Q

Where is cortisol produced and how does it act?

A

Produced by adrenal cortex - acts slowly by changing expression of metabolic enzyme genes.

52
Q

What kind of amino acids give rise to precursors for glucose synthesis?

A

Glucogenic amino acids

53
Q

Alpha-ketoglutarate, succinyl-Coa, fumarate, oxaloacetate, and pyruvate are made what kind of amino acids? What are they?

A

Glucogenic amino acids - precursors for glucose synthesis

54
Q

What kind of amino acids give rise to ketone bodies and are degraded to acetyl-CoA or acetoacetate?

A

Ketogenic amino acids

55
Q

The following are what kind of amino acids: Asp, Arg, Phe, Tyr, Ile, Met, Val, Gln, Glu, Pro, His, Ala, Ser, Cys, Gly, Thr, Trp?

A

Glucogenic

56
Q

The following are what kind of amino acids: Leu, Lys, Phe, Tyr, Ile, Thr, Trp?

A

Ketogenic

57
Q

Which amino acids can only be ketogenic?

A

Leucine & lycine

CMBM Exam 4 CL (17 decks)

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