Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Lucy Knox - Year 2 > 220 - Gynae Cancer > Flashcards

220 - Gynae Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Commonest cancer in the Female in the UK.

a) Lungs
b) Breast
c) Colorectal
d) Ovary
e) Uterus

A

Breast - 30% of female cancers

Lung second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Commonest Gynaecological cancer in the UK.

a) Cervix
b) Uterus
c) Ovary
d) Vulva
e) Vagina

A

Uterine - endometrial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Commonest Gynaecological cancer in the world.

a) Cervix
b) Uterus
c) Ovary
d) Vulva
e) Vagina

A

Cervix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

TNM staging for solid cancer includes following parameters

a) Lymph node metastasis
b) Distant metastasis
c) LVSI (Lympho-vascular space invasion)
d) Tumour size/ local extension
e) Cytology

A

Lymph nodes
Distent Mets
Tumour size

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which one parameter of TNM is not included for staging of cervical cancer?

A

Doesn’t include nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Clinically proven effective screening is available for

a) Ovarian cancer
b) Uterine cancer
c) Cervical Cancer
d) Vulvar cancer
e) Vaginal Cancer

A

Cervical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why do you do screening programs?

A

To catch pre-clinical changes

To catch the disease early

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

A blood test for CA125 is indicated for suspected

a) Uterine cancer
b) Vaginal cancer
c) Ovarian cancer
d) Cervical cancer
e) Vulvar cancer

A 
Ovarian Cancer
(indicated uterine too but less clear)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

MRI scan is indicated in local staging for

a) Ovarian cancer
b) Cervical cancer
c) Uterine cancer
d) Vulvar cancer
e) Vaginal cancer

A

Uterine
Cervical
?Vuval

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Surgery may be the primary curative treatment for

a) Endometrial cancer
b) Ovarian cancer
c) Cervical cancer
d) Vulvar cancer
e) Vaginal cancer

A

All if early enough!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Radiotherapy may be the primary curative treatment for

a) Endometrial cancer
b) Ovarian cancer
c) Cervical cancer
d) Vulvar cancer
e) Vaginal cancer

A

Cervical
Endometrial

But surgery usually prefered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Recently NICE has approved molecular therapy (Bevacizumab) for

a) Endometrial cancer
b) Ovarian cancer
c) Cervical cancer

A

Ovarian

+ FDA approved for cervical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When are you worried about malignancy in ovarian cancer?

A

Older women - post menopausal 30% malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What increases your risk of ovarian ca?

A

Low parity

Increased number of ovulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the main tumour types seen in ovarian cancer?

A

70% surface epithelium - adenocarcinomas
20% germ cell
10% sex cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

90% of ovarian malignancies come from which cell type?

A

Surface epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does a borderline ovarian ca mean?

A

It has the pathological features of malignacy, but doesn’t show invasion - better prognosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Of the epithlial ovarian tumoours, which subtype are the most aggressive?

A

Serous - make up 80%

- spreads widely, obstructs bowel, resistant to chemo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What staging method is used in many gynae cancers?

A

FIGO + TNM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the symptoms of ovarian Ca?

A 
Abdo/pelvic pain
Distension/bloating
Loss of appetite
Weight loss
Back pain
Dyspareunia
Ascites
21
Q

What cancer marker is high in ovarian ca?

A

CA125

22
Q

What treatment can be offered in ovarian ca?

A

Debulking surgery - laparotomy, BSO, TAH, omentectomy

Chemo - adjuvent or neo adjuvent

Radiotherapy - not often used

Targeted therapy - try block blood supply

23
Q

What type of test is used in cervical screening?

A

Cytology test

moving on to HPV testing

24
Q

What do they look for in a smear test?

A

High grade dyskaryosis - if found -> colposcopy

25
Q

What is the pre-cancerous appearance you may see in colposcopy?

A

CIN - Carcinoma in situ - hasn’t yet left the epithelial layer

26
Q

What treatment do they do for CIN at colposcopy?

A

LLETZ - Large loop excision of transformational zone
Diathermy
Cryotherapy
Cone biopsy

27
Q

How common is cervical cancer?

A

Worldwide- most common female ca

in UK - 3rd

28
Q

What are the risk factors asoc with cervical ca?

A

HPV
Risky sexual behaviour
Smoking
immunosupression

29
Q

What histology are more cervical cencers?

A

75% SCCs

25% adeno

30
Q

Which lymph nodes do cervical ca spread to?

A

Paracervical

31
Q

What are the treatment options for cervical ca?

A

All get surgery

  • Radical tracelectomy (remove cervix - if still want kids)
  • TAH
  • Radical Hysterectomy - removes parametrium too

Radiotherapy - most get it too

32
Q

What are the symptoms of cervical ca?

A 
often asymptomatic
Abnormal vaginal bleeding
Vaginal discomfort
Malodorous discharge
Dysuria
33
Q

What are the peaks in age of cervical ca?

A

high in 25-30s

high in 80+s

34
Q

What symptom do 90% of people with uterine cancer experience?

A

Post menopausal bleeding

35
Q

What are the risk factors for uterine cancer?

A 
High oestrogen (low parity, late menopause, Oestrogen only HRT)
Obestiy
36
Q

What histological types of uterine cancer are seen?

A 
Mostly adenocarcinoma (80% endometrial)
Rarely endometrial stroma
37
Q

What is endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Like CIN - pre-malignant

  • due to persistant oestrogen stimulation
  • if detected, get TAH
38
Q

What age group is uterine cancer most common in?

A

Over 60s

39
Q

What are the management options for Endometrial ca?

A

Surgery - TAH + BSO + Lymph node dissection
Radiotherapy
Chemo - rarely used

40
Q

What age group are most vulval cancers seen in?

A

Over 65s

41
Q

What risk factors are there for vulval ca?

A

Smoking

HPV

42
Q

What histological cell type are 90% of vulval cancers?

A

SSC

43
Q

What are the symptoms of vulval cancer?

A 
Itching
Irritation
Pain
Lump
Discharge
44
Q

What is vulval cancer associated with?

A

Lichen Sclerosis

45
Q

What is the crucial factor when deciding on treatment of vulval cancers?

A

The depth - if over 1mm need much more radical surgery

46
Q

What is VIN?

A

Vulval intraepithelial neoplasia - neoplasia just in epithelium - can occur at any age - HPV related

47
Q

What are the management options for vulval ca?

A 
If under 1mm depth - wide local excision
If more:
- Radical vulvectomy
\+ groin lymph node disection
\+ radiotherapy (alone as palliative or with)

If advanced - Chemoradiation

48
Q

What is the prognosis of vulval ca? If it has gone to lymph nodes?

A

80% 5 yrs survival if LN -ve

40% 5 yr survival if LN +ve

49
Q

What is a sentinel lymph node approach?

A

Inject ca mass with a radioactive blue dye
In surgery, use a gyger counter to see if the radioactivity has spread to the lymph nodes - tells you if you can just resect one lymph node (the sentinel one) or all or none.

Lucy Knox - Year 2 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions