Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Lucy Knox - Year 2 > MHS > Flashcards

MHS Flashcards

1
Q

What is human trafficking?

A

Illegal recruitment or movement of people

  • by deception or coercion
  • nationally or internationally
  • for exploitation
  • sexually, domestic servitude or manual labour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Of those trafficked, how many are women + children?

A

70% female

50% children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is cultural competency?

A

Provision of services and care that are respectful and responsible to the values, health beliefs, practices, cultural and linguistic needs of diverse patients.

  • May require adaptation of skills or approach
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the stages you may go through to become culturally competent? (crandall et al.)

A 
Unconscious incompetent
Conscious incompetent 
Conscious competent
Unconscious competent
Unconscious supercompetence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does a clinician who is unconsciously incompetent recognise?

A

recognises cultural groups, but not that they differ culturally from one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does a clinician who is conscious competent recognise?

A

Believes that a patient with different health beliefs is vital to the negotiation and planning process of their care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What skills does a clinician who is unconsciously supercompetent have?

A

Recognises cultural identification and can unconsciously adjust to a wide range of cultural beliefs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the mini-ethnography approach of cultural competency?

A

6 steps
Ethnic identity
what is at stake?
The illness narrative
Psychosocial stresses
Influence of culture on clinical relationships
Has approach worked in that case? reassess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Why do you critically appraise literature?

A

To distinguish what is..

  • valid
  • reliable
  • Generalisable
  • useful
  • Clinical
  • effective
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the hierarchy of evidence of trial types?

A 
Systematic reviews + meta analyses
Randomised controlled trials
Cohort studies
Case-control
Cross-sectional
Ecological
Case series
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are examples of observational studies?

A

Cohort
Case Control
Cross-sectional
Ecological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe a basic cohort study

A

You have a population without the disease
You see which will be exposed to a particular factor
And a group that wont be exposed
Follow them up and see if they develop the disease assoc. with the exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are cohort studies good for?

A

Rare exposures

When you can’t deliberately expose someone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of risk /analysis do you do in a cohort study?

A

Attributable risk

Relative risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a confounder?

A

A factor that affects your exposure + the disease - so you don’t know which way the influence goes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do you deal with confounders?

A

Adjust for them in the design - eg. population selection

Adjust in the analysis - stratify results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is bias?

A

Systematic error / random error

Due to poor study design / data collection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is neyman’s bias?

A

Prevalence-incidence bias - a form of selection bias in case-control studies - due to selective survival among the prevalent cases
ie. mild cases resolve
Severe cases may be fatal
So you end up just studying the middle group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Berkson’s bias?

A

A type of selection bias which may occur in case-control studies which are based entirely on hospital studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe a basic case-control stidy

A

Start with cases, look for controls in the same population without the condition, question them about exposures.

Retrospective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are case-control studies good for?

A

Rare diseases
Multiple exposures
Long latent periods
Quick + cheap, as no waiting around

22
Q

What stat result/analysis do you look at with case-control studies?

A

Odds ratio

23
Q

What could any association found in a study be due to?

A

Chance
Bias
Confounders
True

24
Q

In are rare disease would you do cohort or case-control?

A

Case controlled

25
Q

In a rare cause would you do cohort or case-control?

A

Cohort

26
Q

To test multiple effects of a cause would you do cohort or case-control?

A

cohort

27
Q

Is the probability of selection and recall bias highest in cohort or case-control?

A

Case-control

28
Q

Is loss to follow up more likely in cohort or case-control?

A

Cohort

29
Q

What is a good tool to use when reading a paper?

A

Greenhalgh - how to read a paper

CASP - Critical appraisal skills program

30
Q

Does a man have the right to seek an abortion?

A

No. Just the women

31
Q

Does an unborn child have a legal personality?

A

No

32
Q

Are you allowed to selectively terminate one fetus in a multiple pregnancy?

A

Yes - if they fit criteria for an abortion + it is done in NHS hosp or approved place

33
Q

What is the main cause of homelessness?

A

Relationship breakdown

34
Q

Many who are homeless suffer from tri-morbidity - what are the 3 factors?

A

Physical illness
Mental health problems
Substance misuse

35
Q

What 3 things must you think of when thinkign of soemthing that may cause harm?

A

Stats - how likely is it to happen
What are the consequences
Time - is it an immediate threat?

36
Q

What sort of questions are RCTs useful for?

A

How good treatment is
Should we screen for x?
What causes the disease

37
Q

What is selection bias? How is it controlled?

A

Sample selection and treatment allocation bias

- fix with randomisation, allocation concealment + checking demographic tables

38
Q

What is performance bias?

A

The quality of control and treatment group regimes

- fix with blinding of the carers, patients, asessors)

39
Q

What is attrition?

A

Drop outs, loss to follow up.

Fix with sensitivity analysis and intention to treat analysis

40
Q

What is the power of a study?

A

The ability to demonstrate an association if one exists

41
Q

What can be done to improve the power of the study?

A

Increase the sample size

42
Q

What is the risk assesment model?

A

Chain that must be completed for the risk to come to light

Source - Pathway - Receptor

43
Q

What steps should you follow if a risk is possible/an adverse event happens?

A 
Prevention
Planning and preparedness
Detection and alert
Response
Communication
Recovery
44
Q

Why would you do a systematic review?

A 
reduce quantity of research
Generalisability
Consistency - explain inconsistencies + conflicts
Reliability, reduce bias and errors
Increase power and precision
45
Q

What problems do you come accross when doing a systematic review?

A 
Statistical heterogeneity
Clinical heterogeneity
Quality difference
Dependance
Publication bias
46
Q

What is a funnel plot?

A

Plots the size of effect of individual studies against their statistical power

47
Q

How do we measure demographics?

A

Census - every 10 yrs

48
Q

What are the 2 types of census?

A 
De Factor (where you are on night)
De Jure (Where you are enumerated / live)
49
Q

What assumptions are replied upon for population predictions?

A

Birth rate
Death rate
Net migration

50
Q

What is the difference of a population estimate to a prediction?

A

Estimate - calculating the current population between a census - so use registered births and deaths and migration records

Lucy Knox - Year 2 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions