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Epidemiology > 2-Zoonoses: Aerosol & Respiratory Transmission > Flashcards

2-Zoonoses: Aerosol & Respiratory Transmission Flashcards

0
Q

Do enzootic bacterial “category A” agents have one route of infection or multiple routes of infection?
What makes them potential bioweapons?

A
  • Multiple routes of infection.

- Their aerosol potential makes them “bioweapons”.

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1
Q

What are 3 examples of enzootic bacterial “category A” agents?

A
  • Bacillus anthracis
  • Yersinia pestis
  • Francisella tularensis
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2
Q

What is a cosmopolitan intracellular bacterium that affects humans and animals?

A

Francisella tularensis

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3
Q

What are 3 species that can be affected by Francisella tularensis?

A
  • Humans
  • Domestic cats
  • Sheep
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4
Q

What is the primary, long-term reservoir of Francisella tularensis?

A

Rodents and lagomorphs (“rabbit fever”)

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5
Q

How is Francisella tularensis transmitted in sheep?

A

Usually tick-borne

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6
Q

How is Francisella tularensis transmitted in cats?

A

Usually from eating infected rodents.

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7
Q

How is Francisella tularensis transmitted in people?

A

Most often tick or direct contact with animals/carcasses, aerosol exposure less often.

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8
Q

Are urban human cases of Yersinia pestis rare or common?

A

Rare so long as there is aggressive rodent control.

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9
Q

Infected domestic animals can serve as a “bridge” between what?

A

Wildlife and human populations.

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10
Q

What is the primary cycle of the plague?

A

Rodent-flea-rodent

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11
Q

What are 6 examples of potential hosts for the plague?

A
  • Squirrels
  • Prairie dogs
  • Mice
  • Wood rats
  • Chipmunks
  • Rats
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12
Q

How many different species of flea are competent vectors for the plague?

A

31

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13
Q

What is the most common flea vector of the plague?

A

Xenopsylla cheopis (oriental rat flea)

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14
Q

Which species is susceptible to the plague and can infect people?

A

Cats

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15
Q

When are cats usually exposed to the plague?

A

While hunting/eating rodents.

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16
Q

What are 2 examples of predators that can be infected by the plague?

A
  • Cougars

- Birds of prey

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17
Q

With the plague, coyotes and dogs seroconvert but are rarely what?

A

ill

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18
Q

What are 3 ways people can be infected by the plague?

A
  • Flea bite
  • Aerosol from pneumonic cases of plague
  • Directly from infected animal blood or abscesses?
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19
Q

What is the most common way people can be infected by the plague?

A

Directly from infected animal blood or abscesses.

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20
Q

Cats that are allowed to do what can be exposed to the plague and tularemia?

A

Forage outside

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21
Q

The bacteria that cause both plague and tularemia can cause localized infection followed by what 3 things?

A
  • Sepsis
  • Endotoxemia
  • Pneumonia
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22
Q

What might the plague cause at the site of skin entry?

A

A necrotic eschar

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23
Q

Which can cause lymphadenopathy of draining lymph nodes, the plague, tularemia or both?

A

Both

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24
Q

Pulmonary involvement in the plague and tularemia can lead to what?

A

Aerosol spread

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25
Q

What are 5 clinical signs associated with the plague and tularemia that can be seen in cats?

A
  • Fever
  • Lethargy
  • Anorexia
  • Sepsis
  • Lymphadenopathy often located in the cervical region
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26
Q

Do the plague and tularemia progress slowly or rapidly?

A

Rapidly

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27
Q

What are 2 clinical signs that can be seen with the plague and tularemia that are considered to be poor prognostic indicators?

A
  • Pneumonia

- Septic shock

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28
Q

Are the clinical signs and progression seen with the plague and tularemia in people similar or different from those seen in cats?

A

Similar

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29
Q

Are plague eschars easier or harder to see on people?

A

Easier, no fur.

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30
Q

High fever and high case fatality rate are seen in what kind of plague or tularemia cases?
What else can be seen with these cases?

A
  • Septic/pneumonic cases

- Circulatory collapse with blackened extremities

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31
Q

T/F: Lymph node aspirates are highly infectious in the plague and tularemia.

A

True

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32
Q

Is isolation a good idea when dealing with the plague and tularemia?

A

Yes

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33
Q

What does PPE stand for in epidemiology?

What are 2 examples of PPE?

A
  • Personal protective equipment

- gloves and masks

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34
Q

What is the spore-forming bacterium that causes anthrax?

A

Bacillus anthracis

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35
Q

How long can Bacillus anthracis survive in the soil?

A

Under good conditons for years.

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36
Q

What species can be affected by anthrax?

A

Most mammal species

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37
Q

How is anthrax transmitted to herbivores?

A

Ingest spores in soil while grazing.

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38
Q

How is anthrax transmitted to carnivores?

A

Eat infected herbivores.

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39
Q

What are two forms of transmission that can affect all species?

A
  • Inhalation of spores in aerosolized soil

- Contaminated fomites

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40
Q

“Wool sorter’s disease” is associated with which bacterium?

A

Bacillus anthracis

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41
Q

What are 2 ways veterinarians can contract anthrax?

A
  • Aerosol

- Percutaneous exposure to blood from infected animals

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42
Q

Most veterinary cases of anthrax are seen in what species?

A

Cattle

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43
Q

What are 2 things that can be caused by Bacillus anthracis spores as they enter the host?

A
  • A necrotic eschar at skin entry point.

- Causes atypical pneumonia if inhaled.

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44
Q

Once the spores “germinate” they can cause what?

A

Sepsis

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45
Q

What are 3 things that the exotoxins of Bacillus anthracis can cause?

A
  • Massive edema
  • Shock
  • Death
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46
Q

With anthrax, death often follows what?

A

DIC

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47
Q

What are 5 examples of postmortem signs of anthrax in cattle?

A
  • Blood not clotted
  • Spores in blood on microscopy
  • Rapid bloating
  • Lack of rigor mortis
  • Blood from orifices
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48
Q

What is an enveloped ssRNA virus seen in the family Bunyaviridae?

A

Hantavirus

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49
Q

Is Hantavirus seen world-wide?

A

Yes

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50
Q

Individual species are typically limited to a specific reservoir host and geographic region with what virus?

A

Hantavirus

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51
Q

What is the reservoir for Hantavirus?

A

Rodents

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52
Q

Are rodents carrying Hantavirus symptomatic?

A

No, usually asymptomatic

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53
Q

What are 3 ways rodents shed hantavirus?

A
  • Saliva
  • Urine
  • Feces
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54
Q

What is the primary mode of transmission of hantavirus?

A

Aerosol: inhalation of virus in urine or feces

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55
Q

How long can hantavirus survive in most bedding under cool conditions?

A

Weeks

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56
Q

Is hantavirus susceptible to desiccation?

A

Yes

57
Q

Can transmission of hantavirus direct, indirect or both?

A

Both

58
Q

What is a form of secondary transmission of hantavirus?

A

Bite

59
Q

What does the severity of the clinical signs seen with Hantavirus depend on?

A

Species of virus

60
Q

What does HPS stand for?

A

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

61
Q

What are the US strains of hantavirus known as?

A

The “new world” disease

62
Q

What are 5 clinical signs seen with Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome?

A
  • Fever
  • Chills
  • Myalgia
  • Headache
  • Increased vascular permeability in the lungs
63
Q

Hantavirus is fatal in what percentage of human cases?

A

Up to 40%

64
Q

What does HFRS stand for?

A

Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome

65
Q

What is HFRS referred to as?

A

The “old world” disease

66
Q

What are 3 clinical signs seen with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome caused by hantavirus?

A
  • Petechial hemorrhage
  • Renal damage
  • Cardiovascular shock
67
Q

HFRS is fatal in what percentage of cases?

A

Up to 15%

68
Q

What are 2 potential risk factors for hantavirus?

A
  • Increased rodent density

- People who work with rodents or rodent habitats

69
Q

What are 2 ways to reduce human exposure to hantavirus?

A
  • Face masks

- Gloves

70
Q

What are 3 examples of causes of infections from spores in the environment that becomes aerosolized and are inhaled?

A
  • Saprophytic soil fungi
  • Blastomyces
  • Cocciciodes
71
Q

Birds and bats can be reservoirs for what 2 fungi?

A
  • Histoplasma

- Cryptococcus

72
Q

Are humans, dogs, cats infected with Blastomyces, Coccidiodes , Histoplasma or Cryptococcus infectious?

A

No, body temperature is too high for sporulation of these fungi.

73
Q

Acute fungal pulmonary infections can have what 4 clinical signs?

A
  • High fever
  • Night sweats
  • Enlarged pulmonary lymph nodes
  • Radiographic masses
74
Q

What might happen if the immune system fails to control a fungal pulmonary infection?

A

Progresses to chronic infection and spread to other tissues.

75
Q

What is the reservoir for Coccidioides immitis?

A

Soil

76
Q

What are 5 species Coccidioides immitis infects and amplifies in?

A
  • People
  • Dogs
  • Cats
  • Cattle
  • Horses
77
Q

Signs of Coccidioides immitis can range from what to what?

A

From asymptomatic to disseminated.

78
Q

Where are 2 reservoirs for Histoplasmosis?

A
  • Soil

- Buildings with bird feces or bat guano

79
Q

What are 3 species affected by Histoplasmosis?

What percentage are asymptomatic?

A
  • People, dogs, cats

- About 90%

80
Q

What is the reservoir for Blastomyces dermatitidis?

What is it also associated with?

A
  • Soil

- Bird and bat feces

81
Q

What are 4 species that can be affected by Blastomyces dermatitidis?
Greater than 50% can be asymptomatic in what species?

A
  • People, dogs, cats, horses

- People

82
Q

What are 6 examples of influenza?

A
  • Avian flu
  • Bird flu
  • Foul plague
  • Fowl pest
  • Swine flu
  • Canine flu
83
Q

What virus family is Influenza found in?

A

Orthomyxoviridae

84
Q

What are the 3 distinct types of influenza?

A

A, B, C

85
Q

Which 2 strains of influenza have been circulating since 1977?

A
  • H1N1

- H3N2

86
Q

What are 4 main species affected by influenza?

A
  • Birds
  • Swine
  • Horses
  • Dogs
87
Q

Animal to human transmission of influenza is only documented for what 2 species?

A
  • Birds

- Swine

88
Q

Influenza B is seen in what 2 species?

A
  • Humans

- Seals

89
Q

Is influenza C common or rare?

A

Rare

90
Q

T/F: Influenza viruses undergo continuous mutation resulting in different strains each season.

A

True

91
Q

What are 2 categories of avian influenza?

A
  • Low pathogen (LP)

- High pathogen (depending on lethality to chicken)

92
Q

On what 3 continents is H5N1 circulating?

A
  • Asia
  • Europe
  • Africa
93
Q

What are 3 other HP avian influenza viruses that have been related to previous outbreaks?

A
  • H7N7
  • H7N3
  • H5N2
94
Q

Is influenza found worldwide?

A

Yes

95
Q

What are 6 examples of wild bird host reservoirs seen with avian influenza?

A
  • Ducks
  • Geese
  • Swans
  • Gulls
  • Ferns
  • Shorebirds
96
Q

Swine are susceptible to strains in what other 2 species?

A
  • Humans

- Avian

97
Q

How is influenza transmitted between people?

A
  • Direct contact (person to person)

- Indirect contact (contaminated surface)

98
Q

What are 2 ways influenza is transmitted among swine?

A
  • Direct

- Aerosolization

99
Q

What are 3 ways influenza is transmitted among wild birds?

A
  • Fecal-oral
  • Saliva
  • Nasal secretions
100
Q

What are 4 methods of transmission of influenza seen in poultry?

A
  • Direct
  • Contaminated surfaces
  • Feed and water
  • Aerosol
101
Q

What are 3 ways influenza is transmitted from animals to humans?

A
  • Contaminated surfaces
  • Manure Handling
  • Dust
102
Q

What are 3 risk factors for transmission of influenza?

A
  • High bird/pig density
  • Mixing of many species in one area
  • Farms with water bodies
103
Q

What are 6 clinical signs of influenza seen in humans?

A
  • Fever
  • Myalgia
  • Headache
  • Malaise
  • Sore throat
  • Cough
104
Q

What are 2 areas of the body affected in LP avian influenza?

A
  • Upper respiratory

- Reproductive organs

105
Q

What are 3 clinical signs seen with HP avian influenza?

What does this lead to?

A
  • Lethargy, facial edema, cough

- High mortality and sudden death

106
Q

What are 4 clinical signs seen with swine influenza?

A
  • Fever
  • Coughing
  • Nasal discharge
  • Reproductive problems
107
Q

What morbidity and mortality rates are seen with swine influenza?

A
  • Morbidity: 100%

- Mortality: low

108
Q

What could lead to a high mortality with swine influenza?

A

Secondary bacterial infection

109
Q

What is an influenza treatment seen in humans?

A

Antiviral (Tamiflu)

110
Q

What is the treatment of influenza used with animals?

A

Generally supportive

111
Q

Are antivirals approved for use in animals?

A

No, fear of resistance.

112
Q

If a case of avian influenza is suspected or found positive, who should be contacted?

A

State veterinarian

113
Q

What type of personal protective equipment should be worn with highly pathogenic suspects?

A

N-95 respirators (masks), gloves

114
Q

What are 2 things to do with sick animals?

A
  • Test

- Isolate

115
Q

What needs to be done with owners concerning zoonotic risk?

A

They need to be educated.

116
Q

What are 2 groups of people who should get annual seasonal vaccines?

A
  • Vets

- Farm workers

117
Q

What are 2 groups of animals that should get vaccinations?

A
  • Livestock

- Poultry

118
Q

What is another name for Q-fever?

A

Abattoir fever

119
Q

What causes Q-fever/abattoir fever?

A

Coxiella burnetti

120
Q

What are 6 examples of host species for Coxiella burnetti?

A
  • Sheep
  • Cattle
  • Goats
  • Birds
  • Dogs
  • Cats
121
Q

Does Coxiella burnetti have a low or high infectivity rate?

A

High

122
Q

Is Coxiella burnetti able to survive in the environment?

A

Yes

123
Q

What are the 2 morphologic forms of Coxiella burnetti?

A
  • Large and bacilliform

- Small high density form (spore-like)

124
Q

What are 3 groups particularly at risk for contracting Q-fever/abattoir fever?

A
  • Slaughterhouse personnel
  • Vets
  • People working with pregnant animals especially sheep
125
Q

What are 5 ways Coxiella burnetti can be transmitted?

A
  • Wind borne in dust
  • exposure to parturient cats
  • Shed in birth products (esp. sheep), milk
  • Lower shedding in feces and urine
  • Tick borne (mainly animals to animals)
126
Q

What are 5 clinical signs that can be seen in humans with Q-fever/abattoir fever?

A
  • Fever
  • Malaise
  • Chills
  • Sweats
  • Headache
127
Q

What is the incubation period for the acute form of Q-fever/abattoir fever?

A

2-3 weeks

128
Q

What are 2 clinical signs seen with cattle, sheep and goats with Q-fever?

A
  • Anorexia

- Abortion

129
Q

If Q-fever is suspected, what 3 things should be done immediately?

A
  • Seek medical attention.
  • Segregate parturient animals.
  • Burn placentas and other reproductive organs.
130
Q

What are 2 things that should be done to help control Q-fever?

A
  • Follow proper bio safety procedure

- Vaccinate livestock

131
Q

What does Chlamydophilia psittaci cause in birds?

In humans?

A
  • Birds: Avian chlamydiosis

- Humans: Psittacosis, Chlamydiosis, Parrot fever

132
Q

What are the 2 forms of Chlamydiosis?

A
  • Infectious elementary body (very stable in environment)

- Non-infectious reticulate body

133
Q

What are 4 examples of groups at risk of getting Chlamydiosis?

A
  • Bird owners
  • Pet store workers
  • Vets
  • Poultry and poultry processing
134
Q

What species of birds does avian chlamydiosis occur most commonly in?
What other species can it occur in?

A
  • Psittacine birds (parrots, cockatiels)

- Domestic poultry

135
Q

What is the main mode of transmission of avian chlamydiosis in birds?

A

Fecal-oral

136
Q

What is the main mode of transmission of Psittacosis in humans?

A

Direct handling of infected birds.

137
Q

What are 5 clinical signs associated with the acute febrile syndrome seen with Psittacosis in humans?

A
  • Headache
  • Myalgia
  • Cough
  • Shortness of breath
  • Photophobia
138
Q

What are 5 possible complications that can be seen with human Psittacosis?

A
  • Hepatitis
  • Endocarditis
  • Myocarditis
  • Pericarditis
  • Nephritis
139
Q

What can Chlamydophilia psittaci cause in animals?

A

Morbidity and mortality in psittacine birds.

140
Q

What are 3 ways to help control the spread of Chlamydophilia psittaci?

A
  • Counsel pet bird owners on signs of parrot fever.
  • Consider disease in amy sick bird with lethargy and non-specific signs especially if stressed.
  • Biosafety measures in handling infected birds (gloves, mask,)

Epidemiology (18 decks)

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