3.3 designing and making principles (no designers or company)

Question 1

what are primary sources

+ and -

Answer 1

information gathered first-hand by designer to help improve designs

data up to date and relevant but gathering data is time consuming as you need many willing people

Question 2

6 primary sources:- explain
m____ r______
f____ g____
p____ a_______
i___________

Answer 2

market research; look at products that already exist and talk to clients to collect info on what is successful + target market. questionnaires

focus groups and interviews; talk to target markets- small groups interviewed; feedback after each step in design.

Interview clients to understand needs and wants as well as feedback. Interview focus groups

product analysis; look at products that exist- pinpointing issues to improve designs. see costs, materials used, aesthetics, manufacturing processes

anthropometrics; collect min and max measurements for target markets make product easier to use. work out dimensions. human body

ergonomics; testing and analysing how a person interacts with a product to improve functionality

Question 3

what are secondary sources and 2 types

+ and -

Answer 3

data that is freely available to access such as existing government data such as average anthropometric and ergonomic (percentile ranges) measurements online. media such as books, newspaper, reviews and internet polls.

free and readily available but not specific and not up to date

Question 4

what does research before and after design brief ensure?

Answer 4

find any limitations, and allows you to change your design.

change design to cater for a specific market- children, partially sighted or wheelchair user

Question 5

what is ergonomics

Answer 5

study of interaction between humans and the products and physical environment.

Question 6

how are percentile graphs used

Answer 6

used to show anthropometric data to give a gauge to the designer as to what dimensions should be used.

Question 7

data: qualitative vs quantitative and how can data be presented (5)

Answer 7

qualitative: words which show thoughts and opinions

quantitative: numerical data

bar chart/ pie chart: quantitative

spreadsheet: calculate costs

graphs and charts: show trends in data

video/audio: demonstrate feedback from interview and focus groups

documents and reports: data summarised or a transcript

Question 8

design brief/specification/ manufacturing specification: what is it and how to write one

Answer 8

statement that client gives to the designer outlining their needs or something a designer produces. has to include the problem a product needs to solve

design spec: list of criteria a product needs to meet which is done after research. includes product function aesthetics, materials, costs, timescale

manufacturing spec: created after design before manufacture. contain info that allows a third part to manufacture. technical drawings, CAD, material list, process flowcharts, quality control mechanism, dimension

Question 9

modifying a design brief. when done

Answer 9

research and analysis continue throughout process , so any errors will need to be rectified to ensure product works

Changing the brief
Design briefs and specifications can change throughout your project.
Your brief will change as you conduct more research.
You may change the brief after modelling and testing your idea.
You may also change the brief following client feedback

Question 10

how do environmental (deforestation, reduce co2) factors and social factors (fair trade) impact designs.

Answer 10

environmental: how to limit deforestation (cutting down of trees burnt as a fuel, use in construction). FSC certifies sustainably managed forests, so take timber from there and used recycled paper and timber. designers use FSC certified and also may help in tree replanting schemes. Recycled cardboard for packaging.

designers also try to reduce their carbon footprint by using 6rs (Rethink designs, Refuse unsustainable resources, Reusability, used recycled materials and make sure design is recyclable, make design easy to repair, reduce waste). get energy renewably. Materials that release less co2 during extraction and processing. Biodegradeable.

social: fair trade. designers work with farmers who are fair trade certified as they know they are receiving good wage and good, safe working conditions. support development of these.

Question 11

design strategies:
5 ways it can be done

Answer 11

1) collaboration

2) user centred design (UCD)

3) systems approach

4) Iterative design

5) avoid design fixation

Question 12

collaboration:
how helps- 3 main things + example

Answer 12

1) collaboration:

talking to others brings in a wide range of thoughts that are each valuable.

collaboration with user/focus groups to receive feedback on their work, allowing them to make fit for purpose products.

designers with different specialisms allows the quality to increase as many different options taken into account.

e.g Alessi - collaborate with designers with different specialisms to create innovative products that are fully functional.

Question 13

user centred design: how helps

Answer 13

user centred design (UCD) :

focusing on the needs of a user

user questioned to highlight their needs and wants, evidence gathered to form a through design brief. allows product to made fit for the user’s purpose.

allow them to test it and take into account their feedback (product improvement), which means that the next iteration of the product will make it more fit to the user’s purpose.

Question 14

systems approach
(NOT A SCHEMATIC DRAWING)
3 ways how helps.

Answer 14

systems approach: logical approach to design

uses inputs, outputs and processes in the form of block diagrams with these headings (electronics- how the electronic should function e.g: input = button pressed, process = sound generated, output = sound through speaker)

also use a systems approach flowchart to show how a process works- such as a programme using the worldwide recognised symbols- allowing anyone to understand.

also can have a quality assurance flowchart which shows the checks that have to be met for a product to be fit for purpose. check dimensions, mass etc.

Question 15

design fixation: what is it and how to stop it (3)

Answer 15

avoid design fixation:coming back to a similar idea which they have already created. generation of new, innovative ideas

collaboration- different people have different ideas, so taking in a range of ideas will avoid design fixation

feedback from users / focus groups- feedback from a model allow a new model to be designed which will address shortcomings from initial model, so DF will not be an issue as there will be a clear difference each time.

testing a product- analyse shortcomings again and redesign product.

Question 16

how to explore and develop ideas using an iterative process. NEA based 4 steps + what is iterative design

Answer 16

continual cycle of ideas, modelling, testing, evaluating, feedback and modifications until a final product can be made. ensures quality in final product and is reliable and less manufacturing errors

1) sketch- concept of design onto paper- rough or final annotate to show material choices and aesthetics and how design works

2) modelling- low cost method of seeing how a design functions- cad or hand. see dimensional accuracy. breadboard, toile, card or 3D print.

3) testing- ongoing process where data is collected and results are examined to see best way forward. destructive testing- test to an extreme. non destructive- identify area of weakness by testing function. market testing- see how user group and client respond

4) evaluation- reflect on results against your design specification and see what needs to. be done. evaluate against other product to become aware of competition. safety strength, aesthetics and function.

Question 17

freehand sketches, isometric, perspective

Answer 17

freehand- used to present an idea. quick. colour can enhance sketch and improve communication in design concept

isometric- vertical = vertical. horizontal = 30deg to normal. use isometric paper. allows for 3d design but no perspective

perspective- 3D and view becomes smaller as you go further away. viewing straight on. building, interiors

Question 18

2d and 3d drawings- what used for

Answer 18

2d- plan drawings and useful for showing dimension

3d- shows looks inside- feeling and mood

Question 19

system and schematic drawings

Answer 19

system- diagram, flowcharts showing steps in an electronic, mechanical system, input, output, process, decision.

schematic- use symbols instead of drawing (electric circuits/ mechanical systems) and flats in fashion- lines but no body

Question 20

annotated drawing and exploded diagrams

Answer 20

annotated drawings- explain detailed development/ conceptual stages, colours patterns/ material type

exploded diagram shows constructional detail or assembly, each part in proportion to each other and shows parts which may be hidden once assembled. flat pack furniture

Question 21

mathematical modelling and cad

Answer 21

part of iterative design. graphs, charts, simulations, ergonomic/anthropometric data gathered, analyse results. allows evaluation of performance. calculations used.

cad- computer aided design - allows you to draw technical and precise drawings, 2d or 3d view in any angle. used by engineers and architects as well as designers

Question 22

modelling- toile and breadboard + alternative for general purpose

Answer 22

toile is a mock-up of a garment. low cost fabric like calico used which can be marked with a pen to show changes

breadboard is a solderless, reusable board for prototyping electronics

also work directly with materials like card

Question 23

audio/visual data: how help

Answer 23

audio/video data from focus groups and interviews show what is needed in design as well as reactions and improvements. evaluate

pictures show data for reference

video show how a product works

Question 24

working drawings:

what do they contain

3rd angle orthographic projection

how are outlines, construction lines, centre lines, dimension lines and hidden details drawn.

scale

Answer 24

contain dimensional (mm) and graphical info

3rd angle orthographic projection- drawn in 3 views: plan (birds eye), front and side view

outlines = thick lines __________
construction = thin lines _________
centre lines= indicate holes/shafts — – — – -alternating longer and shorter lines
dimensional = <———-> double arrowhead
hidden details = - - - - - - - - - - - -

drawn to scale so size is representative and scale has to be shown on drawing eg 1cm:1m
dimension in mm

Question 25

6 criterion which prototypes need to fulfill / how to design prototypes

Answer 25

1) satisfy the requirements of the brief- contains details about the product and needs to be met
2) respond to the client’s wants and needs
3) demonstrate innovation- can’t be the existing
4) functional- demonstrate its intended purpose
5) aesthetics- touch, vision and other senses
6) potentially marketable- if required it should be attractive to an audience

Question 26

3 things to do when evaluating a prototype

Answer 26

reflect critically, responding to feedback when evaluating their own prototypes

suggest modifications to improve them through inception and manufacture- to function, material, aesthetics, finishes

assess if prototypes are fit for purpose.

Question 27

questions that designers need to ask themselves to select a material (in an exam answer these questions as answer). 3 main categories and explain each

Answer 27

availability: available readily in stock form / easy or hard to source / renewable or not / cause environmental damage

function:
will it work
is it strong
weatherproof (will timber have oils, will ferrous metals resist corrosion, cardboard)
safe?

cost:
manufacturing cost
do you need bespoke sizes

Question 28

what is tolerance
why important

Answer 28

tolerance is the amount of error allowed for when performing a task. There will be a specified measurement, followed by an upper and lower bound of equal size. e.g ; 6mm±1mm

they are important because not every task is going to be done perfectly yet a tolerance is needed to see what will work or not, to see whether the product is suitable for use.

e.g; resistors will have a certain tolerance to find out how a circuit will work

the lower the tolerance, the more specific the parts

Question 29

quality control:
(6 forms and why needed)

Answer 29

It is needed to test products to ensure they meet pre set standards and tolerances / specification points for the product. It guarantees the product is accurate and therefore with for purpose

• go / no-go fixture - check whether dimensions are in required, preset tolerance- go guage needs to fit but not no guage
• depth stop- ensures whether a drill hole is drilled to the correct depth
• laser settings- laser cutters direct a powerful laser beam to cut, etch or engrave. The speed and power settings need to be adjusted for an appropriate method. high speed, low power = engraving. low speed, high power = cutting
• seam allowance- are between stiching line and edge of fabric. 10mm industry. 15mm home. need accurate otherwise parts will not fit.
• dimensional accuracy / accurate working- need to ensure that length, width, thickness / alternate dimensions are accurate. checks used to be done by eye, but now machines are being introduced in large scale industrial settings/ factories
• Timings with PCBs (printed circuit boards) - etching (corrosively taking away) on a sheet metal creates complex circuits. Timings need to be highly accurate to ensure that the right amount of sheet metal is etched off to ensure the circuit will work. less time = too much left on. more time = too much taken off

Question 30

templates, patterns and jigs.
what are they and how do they help

Answer 30

• A template is a specific shape that can be re-used (as it is made from a more durable material) that is drawn or cut around. for one-off production, a paper template is suitable

patterns-
* used in textlies (lightweight cardboard for repeated use, represent parts of the garment which is then marked out onto the fabric by hand or CAM)
* or used in casting (where a mould is created which is a replica of the product, can be made from resin, wood, metals or plastic- allowances need to be built in e.g metals shrink when cool) SAND AND RESIN CAST

• a jig is a device that lets you perform a repetitive job over and over again. For example a jig to help you drill holes in the correct place. ensures accuracy- less errors- so less waste and less production time as easier to machine parts

Question 31

8 marking tools + why needed

Answer 31

allow us to read and check dimensions accurately, perform proccesses better and to higher levels of accuracy

1. scriber- scartch thin, shallow lines onto the surface of a metal, timber or plastic
2. tailors chalk- temporary marking on fabric which can be brushed or washed off. seam allowances = use
3. engineer’s blue- stains metal and can be removed after. when applied and a scriber used, creates a bright blue line where cut should occur
4. centre punch- used to mark the centre point for a drill hole & reduce slipping on drill
5. marker pens, pencils, chinagraph- poymers on chinagraph rubs off or disappearing inks
6. pattern or tracing wheel - is used to transfer the outline of a sewing pattern onto a fabric by tracing around it
7. engineers’ / combination square- transferring angular measurements onto a workpiece or checking angles
8. marking guage- uses a pin/spur and can be dragged along the surface of a timber in order to create a line parallel to the reference edge

Question 32

material management:
why needed
2 ways

Answer 32

need as many shapes to be cut from one sheet material which will reduce waste, increase efficiency and minimise costs for the designer. cut materials efficiently and minimise waste

tessellation- if the shape repeats, should be designed so they fit together without gaps or overlaps- nesting- software that arrange shapes in multiple directions to reduce waste and materials used- designed with CAD (tesselates CAD design)

Allow for the width of saw cuts (eg 2mm with a dovetail saw) to ensure the process of cutting does not accidentally reduce the
size of material being cut out.
Failure to consider material removed by saw cuts will make shapes/parts being cut out possible too small (out of tolerance) and having to be rejected ie material wasted.

check dimensions, cut at edge

Question 33

what should be created to ensure safety
how to keep safe working with hand tools (3), machine tools (5), handling waste (2), general PPE

Answer 33

risk assessment on safety data sheets

hand tools- make sure blade points down, clamp workpiece, store tools safely so blades not open

machine tools- know how machine works, know where emergency top is, know how safety guards work, don’t leave machinery unattended, clamp work, minimise dust

waste- avoid contact with toxic chemicals, wash hands

PPE- fae shield, apron, goggles, gloves, ear defenders

also long hair tied back, jewellery removed, tuck in any loose clothing

Question 34

how to prepare a timber, metal or polymer for a surface treatment (painting)

Answer 34

make sure the piece has no grease and clean with a spirit/ clean dirt
file edges
use sand paper / grit paper of edges and face- increasing the fineness of the paper each time
mask any areas that you want to not have the finish
use a material specific primer
DRAW DIAGRAMS

Question 35

what is a datum point

Answer 35

A point from which all the measurements are taken from so the product can be as accurate as possible.
It is used a lot for CAD CAM as machines, such as laser cutters, to calculate where they need to cut by using the datum point as a reference point.
improve accuracy by reducing measurement error.