acid-base

Question 1

how much does the concentration of H+ change every time the pH changes by 0.3

Answer 1

by a factor of 2

Question 2

normal hydrogen concentration

Answer 2

40

Question 3

normal pH

Answer 3

7.4

Question 4

acidemia

Answer 4

increase in the plasma hydrogen concentration above normal, pH below 7.35

Question 5

acidosis

Answer 5

process which increases the plasma hydrogen concentration

Question 6

alkalemia

Answer 6

a decrease in the plasma hydrogen concentration below normal pH above 7.45

Question 7

alkalosis

Answer 7

process which decreases the plasma hydrogen concentration

Question 8

which form of hydrogen is physiologically active?

Answer 8

only free hydrogen ions

Question 9

what is the primary buffer in the blood?

Answer 9

bicarbonate

Question 10

what does the Ka of bicarb do for the body?

Answer 10

it links the concentration of hydrogen and carbon dioxide. this allows for bicarbonate to act as a perfect sponge, soaking up hydrogen when the concentration is high and releasing it when concentration is low.

Question 11

what is the equation for acidity and what does that mean for pathology

Answer 11

Acidity = bicarbonate/carbon dioxide. this means that there are 2 independent variables that allow for 4 independent pathologies.

Question 12

what are the four independent pathologies associated with acid-base

Answer 12

increase in bicarb: metabolic alkalosis
decrease in the bicarb: metabolic acidosis
increase in the CO2: respiratory acidosis
decrease in the CO2: respiratory alkalosis

Question 13

what is compensation and how does it work>?

Answer 13

patients with acid-base disorders try to restore normal pH. in metabolic disorders the lung attempt to modify the PCO2. in respiratory disorders the kidneys modify the bicarb. this minimizes the changes in pH

Question 14

what direction is compensation?

Answer 14

always in the same direction as the primary disorder. meaning if there is low bicarb then compensation will drive PCO2 downward. if there is low PCO2 then compensation will drive bicarb downward. vice versa

Question 15

what is the disorder if all three components move in the same direction

Answer 15

metabolic.

all you actually need is the pH and the CO2. if they are opposite it is respiratory, if they are the same it is metabolic. always look at pH for the direction…

Question 16

what is the winter formula

Answer 16

PCO2 = 1.5 X HCO2 + 8 +/- 2; this ill help for searching for a separate or overlapping disease, it lets you know if the compensation is appropriate.

Question 17

if the PCO2 is above the predicted range?

Answer 17

then there is an additional respiratory acidosis.

Question 18

what are the anions?

Answer 18

Chloride and bicarb.

Question 19

what are the cations?

Answer 19

sodium and potassium

Question 20

what is the anion gap?

Answer 20

sodium - (Cl + bicarb)

Question 21

what is the normal anion gap?

Answer 21

8-12

Question 22

what causes non anion gap acidosis

Answer 22

chloride intoxication, GI loss of bicarb, renal loss of bicarb

Question 23

what are the causes of high anion gap metabolic acidosis

Answer 23

GOLDMARK
glycols
oxoproline
l lactic acidosis
d lactic acidosis
methanol
aspirin
renal failure 
ketoacidosis