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ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE > Population > Flashcards

Population Flashcards

0
Q

Actually or potentially interbreeding population that does not interbreed with others

A

Species

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1
Q

A group of individuals of the same species occupying a space in a particular time

A

Population

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2
Q

Antagonistic–penguins

A

Uniform dispersion

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3
Q

Strong attraction–fish

A

Clumped dispersion

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4
Q

Mutual attraction absent

A

Random dispersion

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5
Q

J curve

A

Exponential model

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6
Q

S curve

A

Logistic model

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7
Q

Maximum level of population that a habitat can sustain over a given period of time

A

Carrying capacity

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8
Q

Arrival to a country (adding to the population)

A

Immigration

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9
Q

Leaving a country (lessening population)

A

Emigration

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10
Q

2 factors affecting fluctuation of population

A

Density dependent and density independent

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11
Q

Natural disasters

A

Density independent factors

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12
Q

Competition and predation etc

A

Density dependent factors

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13
Q

Total number of individuals

A

Population size

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14
Q

Total number of individuals per unit area/volume

A

Population density

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15
Q

Crude birth rate (number added annually through reproduction)
PER 1000 individuals

A

Natality

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16
Q

Crude death rate (number of individuals who die annually)

PER 1000 INDIVIDUALS

A

Mortality

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17
Q

Formula for natural growth rate:

A

GR=CBR-CDR

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18
Q

Movement of individuals accross boundaries to set up a new residence

A

Migration

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19
Q

Formula for total growth rate

A

TGR=(CBR+IM) - (CDR+EM)

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20
Q

The oldest age to which a species is known to survive

A

Life span

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21
Q

Number of males relative to number of females

A

Sex ratio

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22
Q

Ratio of sexually receptive males to sexually receptive females

A

OPERATIONAL sex ratio

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23
Q

Number of individuals at each stage of the life cylce

A

Age distribution

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24
Q

Larvae, fingerlings, seedlings

A

Pre reproductive

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25
Q

Sexually mature insects, spawning fish, plants with flowers, etc

A

Reproductive

26
Q

Plants that have shed seeds etc

A

Post reproductive

27
Q

There are more receptive males than females

A

MALES COMPETE

28
Q

females can produce better offspring with better mates

A

FEMALES SELECT

29
Q

Fat triangle (guatemala, nigeria, saudi)

A

Rapid growth

30
Q

Thin triangle (US, australia, canada)

A

SLOW growth

31
Q

Not a triangle/looks like a mummy (germany, bulgaria, sweden)

A

NEGATIVE growth

32
Q

Weird triangle/looks like a tower (spain,austria,greece)

A

ZERO growth

33
Q

Physical ability to reproduce

A

Fecundity

34
Q

The actual production of offspring

A

Fertility

35
Q

The number of children born to an average female in a reproductive life

A

Total fertility rate

36
Q

Reproductive capacity; ability to produce offspring

A

BIOTIC POTENTIAL

37
Q

Typical growth curve:

A

Lag phase->exponential growth phase->stationary growth phase

38
Q

Optimum number of individuals that can survive in a specific area over time

A

Carrying capacity

39
Q

Factors that determine biotic potential/environmental resistance

A
  1. Availability of nutrients
  2. Availability of energy
  3. Accumulation of waste
  4. Interspecies interactions
40
Q

Sum of all forces acting together

A

Environmental resistence

41
Q

Growth factors for abiotic

A

Favorable light and temperature. Optimal level of critical nutrients.

42
Q

Too much/too little light and temperature and critical nutrients.

A

Abiotic decrease factors

43
Q

High reproductive rate, adequate food supply, suitable habitat, ability to compete, evade predators and resist diseases

A

Biotic growth factors

44
Q

Biotic Decrease factors

A

Low reproductive rate, inadequate food supply, unsuitable habitat, inability to compete, evade predators and resist diseases

45
Q

Large organisms w/ long lives

A

K strategists

46
Q

Strategy: invest great deal of energy to produce few offspring that have a good chance of living to reproduce

A

K strategists

47
Q

Limited by density dependent factors

A

K strategists

48
Q

Small organisms with short lives

A

r strategists

49
Q

Strategy: expend large amounts of energy to prod. many offspring but provide limited care

A

r strategists

50
Q

Limited by density independent factors

A

r strategists

51
Q

Competition for resources

A

Density dependent factor

52
Q

Territory(breeding grounds, nest sites, dens)

A

Density dependent factor

53
Q

Crowding and stress

A

Density dependent factor

54
Q

Climate

A

Density independent factor

55
Q

Anthropogenic destruction of habitat

A

Density independent factor

56
Q

Natural disasters

A

Density independent factor

57
Q

How environmental resistance was reduced

A

Increased food production, controlled diseases, subdued/eliminated competitors

58
Q

Why birth rates are lower in MDCs than in LDCs

A
  • average age at marriage
  • availability of pension systems
  • availability of reliable birth control
  • religious beliefs,traditions, cultural norms
59
Q

Average number of years an infant is expected to live

A

Life expectancy

60
Q

Number of babies out of every 1000 born annually that die before reaching one year

A

Infant mortality rate

61
Q

Reason why death rates are lower in MDCs than in LDCs

A
  • increased food production and more efficient distribution (nutrition)
  • improved sanitation and personal hygiene
  • medical and public health technology
62
Q

How to curb global population growth

A
  • reduce poverty
  • family planning
  • elevate status of women
  • economic rewards and penalties

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE (6 decks)

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