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A Level Chemistry - Organic Chemistry > 3.3.5 Alcohols > Flashcards

3.3.5 Alcohols Flashcards

1
Q

Define term carbon neutral

A

An activity which has no net carbon emission to the atmosphere

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2
Q

The solution stays blue NO OBSERVABLE REACTION must say to get mark

A
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3
Q

How to identify primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols

A

Primary - the carbon the OH group is bonded to is bonded to one other carbon
Secondary- the carbon the OH is bonded to is bonded to 2 other carbons
Tertiary - 3 other carbons etc

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4
Q

Solubility of alchols

A

Solubility
But the longer the hydrocarbon chain the less soluable

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5
Q

Volatitly of alcohol

A

Low

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6
Q

Boiling point alcohols

A

The bigger the molecule the more van der waals so the greater the boiling point

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7
Q

Uses of alcohol

A

Disinfectant
Drinks
Anti-freeze

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8
Q

What does dehydration of alchol do / produce

A

Elimination of a water molecule
Produces alkene

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9
Q

Dehydration of alcohol catalyst

A

CONCENTRATED Acid catalyst
Sulfuric acid
E.g. posphoric acid

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10
Q

Equasion dehydration of ethanol

A

Ethanol –> Ethene + water

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11
Q

What two methods produce alcohols and give a brief overview

A

Hydration - alkenes in presence of acid catalysts (phosphoric acid) at high temperature and pressure.
Fermentation- glucose and yeast = carbon dioxide and ethanol

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12
Q

How is alcohol dehydrated and why

A

Distillation
To remove impurities

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13
Q

Primary alcohols oxides to …

A

Aldehydes and the carboxylic acids

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14
Q

Secondary alcohol oxides to …

A

Ketones

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15
Q

Which has higher naming priority alcohols or ketones and aldehydes

A

Ketones and aldehydes
Alcohol or hydroxyl
E.g. 3 hydroxypropanal

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16
Q

Are alcohols soluble in water

A

Yes because it forms hydrogen bonds with water

17
Q

Are alkanes soluble in water

A

No
Non-polar molecules and can’t form hydrogen bonds

18
Q

What oxidising agent is used to oxide alcohols

A

Acidified potassium dichromate

19
Q

Why and how is the aldehyde removed

A

Will easily oxides further
Can be removed by distillation as it has much lower boiling point

20
Q

How can be ensure that all the alcohol is oxidised

A

Use an excess of the oxidising agent

21
Q

How to remove oxides aldehydes aka carboxylic acid

A

Heat under reflux

22
Q

How to separate carboxylic acid from impurities

A

Distillation

23
Q

What type of mechanism is dehydration of alcohol

A

Elimination

24
Q

Equation for formation of halogen alkane from alcohol

A

Alcohol + sodium halide + acid —> haloalkane + water + sodium acid

25
Q

Fermentation of alcohol

A

Yeast in ANAEROBIC conditions
Produces ethanol and CO2

26
Q

How is pure ethanol obtained from fermentation

A

Fractional distillation

27
Q

Which uses milder conditions hydration or fermentation

A

Fermentation

28
Q

Which produces purer ethanol fermentation or hydration

A

Hydration

29
Q

In a reflux reaction is a thermometer needed

A

No

30
Q

Why is sodium carbonate used to wash the distillate produced from dehydration

A

The sodium carbonate would remove the H+

31
Q

Stages of fractional distillation

A

Turn the water on
And begin the heat the solution with heating mantle
This causes water and ethanol vapours to be evaporated
Vapours pass up the fractioning colum
Water is re condensed back into the solution
Watch thermometer to keep temperature at the boiling point of ethanol
Condenser C cools the ethanol vapours back into a liquid

32
Q

What do we do once we have distillates alcohol

A

Further separating to remove impurities using a separating funnel
+ drying agent

33
Q

How to make cyclohexene

A

1) distillation
2) separation - add water to dissolve soluble impurities, drain bottom layer
3) purification - add to round bottom flask add drying agent E,g, anhydrous calcium chloride then invert and leave for 30 mins

34
Q

Conditions for hydration

A

Steam + ethene + phosphoric acid catalyst
Temp 300
Pressure 60 atm

A Level Chemistry - Organic Chemistry (6 decks)

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