Chap. 5 - Cardiology Diseases Part 1

Question 0

Mild to severe chest pain caused by ischemia of the myocardium. Atherosclerosis blocks the flow of oxygenated blood through the coronary arteries to the myocardium. Patient feels crushing pressurelike sensation in the chest with pain up the neck and down the left arm, with extreme sweating and sense of doom. Can occur during exercise or resting. It’s a warning of impeding myocardial infarction.

Answer 0

Angina pectoris

Question 1

General category that includes acute ischemia of the myocardium with unstable angina pectoris.

Answer 1

Acute coronary syndrome

Question 2

Enlargement of the heart from congestive heart failure.

Answer 2

Cardiomegaly

Question 3

Any disease condition of the heart muscle that includes heart enlargement and heart failure.

Answer 3

Cardiomyopathy

Question 4

Left ventricle is dilated and myocardium is so stretched that it can no liger contract to pump blood.

Answer 4

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 5

Cardiomyopathy with an unknown cause

Answer 5

Idiopathic cardiomyopathy

Question 6

Inability of the heart to pump sufficient amounts of blood. Caused by chronic coronary artery disease or hypertension.

Answer 6

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

Question 7

Enlargement

Answer 7

Hypertrophy

Question 8

During CHF, the myocardium undergoes Hypertrophy which temporarily improves blood flow.

Answer 8

Compensated heart failure

Question 9

In later stages of CHF, the heart can no longer enlarge. Instead, the myocardium becomes dilated, flabby, and progressively loses its ability contract.

Answer 9

Decompensated Heart Failure

Question 10

In right sided congestive heart failure, the right ventricle is unable to adequately pump blood. Blood backs up in the superior vena cava.

Answer 10

Jugular venous distension

Question 11

In CHF, blood also backs up in the inferior vena cava causing hepatomegy (enlarged liver) and _______ in the legs, ankles, and feet.

Answer 11

Peripheral edema

Question 12

In CHF, When there is lung disease and the right ventricle enlarges to pump harder.

Answer 12

Cor pulmonale

Question 13

Death of myocardial cells due to severe ischemia. The flow of oxygenated blood in the coronary artery is blocked by a blood clot or atherosclerosis. May have angina pectoris or indigestion, and area has necrosis.

Answer 13

Myocardial infarction (MI)

Question 14

Inflammation and bacterial infection of the endocardium and the valves. Occurs when valves already have structural defect. Infection from somewhere else in the body travels to heart and gets trapped in defect causing infection.

Answer 14

Endocarditis

Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis (SBE) causes fever, fatigue, and aching muscles.

Question 15

Abnormal heart sound created by turbulence as blood leaks past a defective heart valve. Murmurs are described according to their volume, their sound, and when they occur during cardiac cycle.

Answer 15

Heart Murmur

Question 16

Inflammation or infection of the pericardial sac with accumulation of pericardial fluid.

Answer 16

Pericarditis

Question 17

In pericarditis, when fluid presses on the heart and prevents it from beating.

Answer 17

Cardiac tamponade

Question 18

Autoimmune response to a previous streptococcal infection, like strep throat. Mostly occurs in children, and known as rheumatic fever. Body makes antibodies to fight bacteria, but they attract connective tissue in body, particularly joints/heart. Joints become swollen with fluid and inflamed. Mitral and aortic valves of heart become inflamed and damaged. Valves become scarred and narrowed (stenosis).

Answer 18

Rheumatic Heart Disease

Question 19

Structure abnormality in which the leaflets of the mitral valve don’t close tightly. Can be congenital condition or valve damage from infection. There is [regurgitation] as blood flows backwards into left atrium with contractions.

Answer 19

Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP)

Question 20

Aorta is abnormally narrow

Answer 20

Coarctation of the Aorta

Question 21

A permanent hole in the interatrial septum

Answer 21

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

Question 22

Permanent hole in the interventricular septum.

Answer 22

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Question 23

Four defects, including a ventricular septal defect, narrowing of pulmonary artery valve and trunk, hypertrophy of the right ventricle, and malposition of aorta.

Answer 23

Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 24

Aorta incorrectly originates from the right ventricle, and the pulmonary artery incorrectly originates from the left ventricle.

Answer 24

Transposition of the Great Vessels

Question 25

Occurs at birth during change from fetal circulation to normal newborn circulation.
The ductus arteriosus fails to close.

Answer 25

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Question 26

Occurs at birth during change from fetal circulation to normal newborn circulation.
The foramen ovale fails to close.

Answer 26

Patent foramen ovale

Question 27

Any type of irregularity in the rate or rhythm of the heart. Includes bradycardia, tachycardia, heart block, flutter, and fibrillation.

Answer 27

Arrhythmia (Dysthymia)

Question 28

Arrhythmia in which the heart beats too slowly.

Answer 28

Bradycardia

Question 29

Complete absence of a heartbeat.

Answer 29

Cardiac Arrest (Asystole)

Question 30

Arrhythmia in which there is a very fast but regular rhythm (250bpm) of the atria or ventricles. The chambers of the heart don’t have time to completely fill with blood before the next contraction. Flutter progresses to fibrillation.

Answer 30

Flutter

Question 31

Arrhythmia in which there’s a very fast, uncoordinated quivering of the myocardium. It can affect atria and ventricles.

Answer 31

Fibrillation

Question 32

A life-threatening emergency in which the heart is unable to pump blood, it can progress to cardiac arrest.

Answer 32

Ventricular Fibrillation

Question 33

Arrhythmia in which electrical impulses cannot travel normally from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers.

Answer 33

Heart block

Question 34

Heart block where electrical impulses reach the ventricles but are very delayed.

Answer 34

First-degree heart block

Question 35

Heart block where only some of the electrical impulses reach the ventricles.

Answer 35

Second-degree heart block

Question 36

Heart block where it’s complete heart block. No electrical impulses reach ventricles.

Answer 36

Third-degree heart block

Question 37

Heart block where the electrical impulses are unable to travel down the right or left bundle of His.

Answer 37

Right or left bundle branch block