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BIOCHEM (1st yr Med) - Harper's > 34 - Nucleic Acids: Structure and Function > Flashcards

34 - Nucleic Acids: Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

DNA synthesis

A

DNA replication

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2
Q

RNA synthesis

A

Transcription

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3
Q

Protein synthesis

A

Translation

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4
Q

DNA (full name)

A

Deoxyribonucleotide acid

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5
Q

4 monomeric deoxynucleotide units

A

1.) deoxyadenylate
2.) deoxyguanylate
3.) deoxycytidylate
4.) thymidylate

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6
Q

Phosphate terminal of DNA

A

5’ - hydroxy

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7
Q

Hydroxy terminal of DNA

A

3’ - phosphate

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8
Q

Discovered the double stranded helix

A

Watson and Crick

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9
Q

Non-coding strand that is the one being copies during RNA synthesis

A

Template strand

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10
Q

Matches the sequence of the RNA transcript that encodes the protein

A

Coding strand

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11
Q

Base bonding that contains 3 hydrogen bonds

Stronger bond allows it to be slightly resistant to melting at high temps and denaturation

A

Guanine and Cytosine bond

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12
Q

Number of hydrogen bond(s) between Adenine and Thymine

A

2 - hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

Occurs when there is a n increase in the optical absorbance of purine bases

A

Denaturation

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14
Q

Separated strands can reassociate at appropriate physiologic conditions by manipulating temperature and salt concentration

A

Renaturation

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15
Q

often referred to as the concept of hybridization

A

Reannealing process

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16
Q

Techniques that use the concept of hybridization

A

Southern and Northern Blot Techniques

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17
Q

DNA exists in what forms?

A

(1) Relaxed
(2) Supercoiled
(3) Negative supercoils

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18
Q

Enzyme that catalyze topological changes in the DNA by relaxing or inserting supercoils

used in cancer therapy

A

Topoisomerases

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19
Q

Replication process of the DNA where each strand of the parental DNA serves as the template and second strand of the daughter DNA

A

Semi-conservative process

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20
Q

Difference between DNA and RNA

  • sugar moiety
  • pyrimidine components
  • structure
  • base pairing
A
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21
Q

Can form many secondary structures by folding over, forming hairpin loops stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonds between complementary bases

A

Single stranded RNA

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22
Q

Classes of RNA

A
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • Transfer RNA (tRNA)
  • Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  • Small RNA
23
Q

Most heterogenous RNA in abundance, size, and stability

A

messenger RNA

24
Q

Is the addition of a guanine nucleotide with a methyl (CH3) group to the 5’ end;

Increases the stability of the mRNA and assists in the binding of the mRNA to the ribosome for translation

A

5’ cap

25
Q

The addition of 50 to 250 adenine nucleotides to the 3’ end

Increases the stability of many mRNA molecules depending on the proteins that attach to it

A

poly(A) tail

26
Q

(1) When DNA is copied as a whole
(2) when only a portion of the DNA is copied

A

(1) DNA replication
(2) DNA transcription to mRNA

27
Q

base-pairs of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA

A

codon

28
Q

In the triplet codon, the third AA is referred to as

A

wobble

29
Q

enzymes that attach the correct amino acid to each tRNA

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

30
Q

Complementary bases of the codon on the tRNA

A

anti-codon

31
Q

Serve as molecular adaptors that bind to mRNA on one end and carry amino acids into position on the other

A

tRNA

32
Q

rRNAs produced by cleavage and modification of initial transcripts

A

Mature rRNAs

33
Q

Provides a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino acids

A

rRNA

34
Q

How does rRNA interact with tRNAs during translation

A

by providing peptidyl transferase activity

35
Q

bring the necessary AA corresponding to the appropriate mRNA codon

A

tRNAs

36
Q
A
  • orange split - mRNA
  • pink balls - tRNA (carries the amino acid)
  • big violet ball - ribosome that contains the rRNA
37
Q

Non-coding RNA gene

A

small RNA

38
Q

Major types of small RNA molecules - their major function

A

1.) small nuclear RNA (snRNA) - involved in mRNA splicing

2.) small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) -directs modification of rRNAs

3.) micro RNA (miRNA) and short interfeing RNA (siRNA) - regulate gene ecpression

39
Q

Widely used in functional genomics

A

sRNAs

40
Q

Holds a single strand of DNA together

A

phosphodiester bonds

41
Q

Enzyme:
(1) specific for DNA
(2) specific for RNA

A

(1) Deoxyribonucleases
(2) Ribonucleases

42
Q

Degrade both RNA and DNA; cleave internal phosphodiester bonds to produce either 3’-hydroxyl and 5-phosphoryl terminates or vice versa

A

Endonucleases

43
Q

Recognize specific sequences in DNA

A

Restriction endonucleases

44
Q

Pyrimidine components include adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine.
DNA or RNA?

A

DNA

45
Q

Double stranded – DNA or RNA?

A

DNA

46
Q

Can be hydrolyzed by alkali – DNA or RNA?

A

RNA

47
Q

What RNA molecules serve as molecular adaptors that bind to mRNA on one end and carry amino acids into position on the other?

A

tRNA

48
Q

What type of RNA is the most heterogeneous in abundance, size and stability?

A

mRNA

49
Q

The two strands of the double-helical molecule, each possess a polarity, are

A. Antiparallel
B. Constitutive
C. Denatured
D. Complementary

A

A. antiparallel

50
Q

Information resides in the sequence of nucleotide on the
complementary strand

A. Coding strand
B. Template strand
C. promoter sequence

A

B. Template strand

51
Q

Concomitant with the denaturation of the DNA molecule is an increase in the optical absorbance of the purine and pyrimidine bases, a phenomenon called

A. Complementarity
B. Hyperchromicity
C. Absorbance
D. Spectrophotometry

A

B. Hyperchromicity

52
Q

During periods of active protein synthesis, many ribosomes can be associated with any mRNA molecule to for an assembly called

A. Ribozymes
B. Histones
C. Polysome
D. Nucleosome

A

C. Polysome

53
Q

When the DNA molecule is twisted in the direction opposite from the clockwise turns of the right handed double helix found in B-DNA, you form supercoils

A. Triple helix
B. Double helix
C. Negative supercoils

A

C. Negative Supercoils

BIOCHEM (1st yr Med) - Harper's (13 decks)

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