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Respiratory > Respiratory diseases - pigs > Flashcards

Respiratory diseases - pigs Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the causes of pig respiratory disease

A
  • PCV2 - endemic (>90% farms), immunosuppressive
  • PRRS - common on pig farms, immunosuppressive
  • Swine Influenza strains - many circulating, new strains in future
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2
Q 
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae:
Cs
Dx
Control 
Tx
A
  • CLINICAL SIGNS: chronic cough, FCR, variance in growth
  • DX: lung lesions, abbattoir, PCR, culture (difficult)
  • CONTROL: biosecurity, vaccination, medication
  • TX: ABs but not penicillin, depopulation
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3
Q 
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Cs
Dx
Control 
Tx
A
  • CLINICAL SINGS: acute, cough, dyspnoea, death
  • DX: lesions, culture
  • CONTROL: biosecurity, vaccination (strains)
  • TX: ABs (animals may be very sick)
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4
Q 
Pasteurella
CS
Dx
Control
Tx
A
  • CLINICAL SIGNS - acute, sudden death or part of PRDC
  • DX: culture, lesions
  • CONTROL, vaccination?
  • TX. none
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5
Q 
Haemophilus parasuis
CS
Dx
Control
Tx
A
  • CLINICAL SIGNS: polyserositis,
  • DX: lesions, culture (difficult)
  • CONTROL: ABs, vaccination
  • TX: ABs
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6
Q 
Aujesky's disease = NOTIFIABLE
CS
Dx
Control
Tx
A
  • CLINICAL SIGNS: age dependent, respiratory signs in weaners
  • DX: rhinitis, URT, dead end host
  • CONTROL: Notifiable
  • TX: none
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7
Q

List some less common respiratory diseases of pigs - 8

A
  • Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
  • Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
  • Pasteurella
  • Haemophilus parasuis
  • Aujesky’s diease
  • Iron deficiency anaemia
  • Vitamin E deficiency
  • Erysipelas
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8
Q

When might you see vitamin E deficiency in pigs?

A

When fed rancid food (stored in sunlight), precipitates when there is unusual movement/stress of the pigs (moving pens, vaccination)

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9
Q

When might you see erysipelas infection?

A
  • soil borne organisms

- vaccine good but comes in large vial sizes which makes it expensive for small holders

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10
Q

What factors can cause pig respiratory problems? 4

A
  • Environment (air quality and stocking density)
  • Management (stress)
  • Breed and age
  • Pathogen exposure
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11
Q

What changes at weaning may precipitate development of a respiratory problem? 6

A
  • Moved pens
  • Mixed with others/larger groups
  • Change of feed
  • No mother
  • Routine treatments
  • Early weaning - can help, can leave a vulnerable population
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12
Q

Name 3 causes of neonatal respiratory disease

A
  • Actinobacillus suis
  • Bordetella bronchisepticum
  • Progressive atrophic rhinitis
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13
Q

Name 6 causes of respiratory disease in pre-weaned pigs

A
  • Progressive atrophic rhinitis
  • Bordetella bronchisepticum
  • Inclusion body rhinitis (pig CMV)
  • Enzootic pneumonia (Mycoplasma sp)
  • PRRSV (reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus).
  • Glassers disease (Haemophilus parasuis).
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14
Q

What might cause respiratory disease in weaners, growers and finishers? 10

A
  • Bordetella bronchiseptica
  • Glassers disease
  • Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia
  • Pasteurella multocida
  • Mycoplasma hyopneumonia (EP) / hyorrhinis
  • PRRSV
  • Porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV)
  • Influenza
  • PMWS?/PCVAD
  • (Aujeszky’s disease (pig herpesvirus 1))
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15
Q

Name 6 significant respiratory diseases in non-immune adult pigs

A
  • Glassers disease
  • Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
  • Pasteurellosis
  • Enzootic pneumonia
  • PRRSV
  • Influenza
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16
Q

What is PMWS?

A

an old name for PCV-2 related disease

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17
Q

What is the commonest cause of sudden death in adult pigs?

A

Pasteurellosis (aslo common are influenza and PRRSV)

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18
Q

PME appearance of Pasteurellosis

A
  • consolidation of lung next to spongy lung

- typically consolidation in caudal lung lobes (90% O2 exchange occurs here) so pigs present with dyspnoea

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19
Q

What does Mycoplasma damage?

A

mucociliary clearance

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20
Q

Define FCE

A

Feed conversion efficiency

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21
Q

What respiratory problems do bacteria cause?

A

URT problems and pneumonia

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22
Q

What does Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae cause?

A

‘enzootic pneumonia’ in pigs. Great economic importance as 30-80% pigs have lesions at slaughter

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23
Q

How is M.hyopneumoniae spread? 2

A
  • carrier animals

- aerosol (2 miles)

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24
Q

Dx - M. hyopneumoniae - 5

A
  • CS
  • lung lesions at slaughter
  • culture/PCR
  • histology
  • serology
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25
Q

What is APP?

A

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae

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26
Q

Outline A.pleuropneumoniae infection

A
  • 12 capsular subtypes but cross reactions occur
  • explosive outbreaks of pneumonia
  • high morbidity and mortality
  • seroconversion with few CS
  • infarcts known as ‘gunshot wounds’. Lesions can occur very quickly
27
Q

APP - clinical signs

A
  • acute fatal resp disease
  • fibrinous pleuritis
  • firm lung infarcts (lesions largely produced by the toxins)
28
Q

APP - diagnosis - 4

A
  • CS
  • Culture, PCR
  • Lung lesions
  • Serology
29
Q

Epidemiology - APP - 4

A
  • Direct contact
  • Movement
  • Survives in water /mucous
  • Serotypes vary with country (2,8,3,6.7 in UK)
30
Q

What causes atrophic rhinitis?

A

Toxigenic Pasteurella multocida in association with Bordatella bronchiseptica

31
Q

Pathogenicity - Atrophic rhinitics

A
  • Colonisation of nasal mucosa by BS with production of cytotoxin
  • PM damages osteoblasts and enhances osteoclast activity –> turbinate damage
32
Q

Where is atrophic rhinitis prevalent currently?

A

Scotland

33
Q

How is atrophic rhinitis scored?

A

Score 1-5 (5 most severe)

34
Q

What causes Glasser’s disease?

A

Haemophilus parasuis

Causes polyserositis

35
Q

What causes Aujeszky’s disease?

A

Swine herpesvirus type 1 (SHV1)

- Notifiable and not present in UK (present in NI)

36
Q

Outline the clinical presentation of Aujeszky’s disease.

A

AGE AND STRAIN SPECIFIC:

  • can cause necrotic rhinitis
  • < 4weeks: neuro, mortality <15%
  • ADULT: few clinical signs, abortion adn mummification, URT coughing, rare neurological signs
37
Q

What happens if Aujeszky’s disease is detected?

A

Slaughter policy in UK.

Targeted vaccination in NI, Ireland and Spain.

38
Q

Other than pigs, what might die of Aujeszky’s disease?

A

Cats because they are a dead end host.

39
Q

What is SIV?

A

Swine Influenza Virus (similar CS to humans)

40
Q

CS - SIV

A

Similar to humans

  • pyrexia
  • lethargy
  • prostrate
  • skin erythema
  • anorexia
  • severe cough and sneeze
  • dyspnoea
  • conjunctivitis
  • recover equally rapidly
  • abortion
41
Q

SIV - diagnosis

A
  • CS
  • Serology
  • Virus isolation
  • Lung lesions (clear demarcation of lesions in cranial and middle lobes, interstitial pneumonia, fibrinous lesions with consolidation of the whole lung)
42
Q

What is PRRS virus?

A

An Arterivirus
ssRNA
High mutation rate (new strains possible even in vaccinated herds)

43
Q

Pathogenesis - PRRS

A

Virus replicates in and destroys macrophages and endothelial cells –> vasculitis.

44
Q

CS - PRRS

A
  • weaned pigs
  • tachypnoea
  • thumping
  • eyelid oedema
  • conjunctivitis
  • respiratory (acute outbreak)
  • abortion
  • stillbirth
45
Q

PRRS - diagnosis - 4

A
  • CS
  • gross pathology (moderate to severe interstitial pneumonia)
  • virus isolation
  • serology
46
Q

Control methods - PRRS - 4

A

VACCINATION:
•MLV (avoid in pregnant)
•Killed (breeders)
• Use in breeders and growers. Before breeding.
STABILISE INFECTION:
• Expose gilts / vaccinate prior to breeding.
• Stream grower pigs in separate airspaces.
ERADICATION
• Stabilise sow/gilt infection and then depopulate all exc sows. Wean off-site to rest buildings for period.
DEPOP-REPOP
• Infection transmits up to 3km
• Purchase uninfected stock and quarantine / test at isolation.
• Purchase uninfected semen.

47
Q

What is PMWS associated with?

A
  • PCV-2.
  • Immunosuppressive
  • 90% UK pigs seropositive
  • Involved in many disease syndromes
48
Q

PMWS - PME findings

A
  • pneumonia
  • fibrin
  • pericarditis
  • little normal tissues
  • abscess
  • interlobular oedema
49
Q

Define PRCV

A

Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus

50
Q

CS - PRCV

A

COUGH - in gowers and finishers (endemic), across all age groups (epizootic)
- NOT USUALLY A SIGNIFICANT PROBLEM but contributes to multifactorial pneumonia, indicates biosecurity issue

51
Q

Define PEDV

A

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus (major worry in the pig industry currently)

52
Q

Name 2 respiratory parasites in pigs

A
  • Metastrongylus (earthworm is IH)

- Ascaris suum (larval migration through lungs)

53
Q

What are the most important aspects of control, prevention and eradication of porcine respiratory diseases?

A
  • biosecurity
  • medication
  • vaccination
  • early weaning
  • depop-repop
  • quarantine
54
Q

By what routes can drugs be given to pigs?

A
  • in face of an outbreak
  • routine/pulse
  • in feed/water
  • individual animal
55
Q

Outline vaccination for porcine respiratory disease

A
  • dams to confer immunity to young pigs (AR)
  • young/weaner pigs (M.hyo)
  • in quarantine and before entry to the herd
56
Q

Outline full depopulation

A
  • remove all pigs excluding lactating sows (medicate these)
  • wean to offsite location for 12 week period
  • rest and disinfect weaner and grower accomodation
57
Q

What might you see in iron deficiency anaemia?

A

young pigs, pale, high RR, fail to maintain body temperature, thin watery blood.

58
Q

What disease do UK pig farmers currently worry about?

A

ASF (currently in Poland and heading west, last UK outbreak was 2000, spread by contaminated pork products).

59
Q

What heart condition does vitamin E deficiency cause in pigs?

A

Mulberry heart (pinpricks of lines? laid down outside of the heart)

60
Q

What heart condition does erysipelas cause in pigs?

A

bacterial endocarditis

61
Q

What are the 2 commonest vaccines on UK pig farms?

A

Mycoplasma and PCV2

62
Q

Define total depopulation

A

Get rid of whole herd in an effort to control/stop disease. This is not possible if there is another pig farm within a 5 mile radius.

63
Q

List the fat soluble vitamins

A

ADEK. N.b. pigs have quite a high vitamin E need.

64
Q

What lesions does erysipelas cause acutely

A

diamond lesion. Seed to heart causing endocardutus.

Respiratory (34 decks)

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