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Respiratory > Respiratory Disease Cattle > Flashcards

Respiratory Disease Cattle Flashcards

0
Q

What age is majority of resp disease seen in cattle?

A

YOungsters

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1
Q

WHat temperature indicates a problem in cows/calves?

A

> 39.5*

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2
Q

What is BRD?

A

Bovine respiratory disease = Calf pneumonia

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3
Q

What problems does BRD cause?

A
  • painful
  • expensive and time consuming to treat
  • death
  • poor growth rate
  • welfare problem
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4
Q

Where do majority of pneumonias affect the lung?

A

Cranial lobes

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5
Q

What may affect immune status of a young calf?

A
  • environment

- colostrum

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6
Q

ENvironmental factors that affect immunity

A
  • housing
  • ventilation
  • stocking density
  • mixing
  • sharing air space with other age groups
  • changes in weather
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7
Q

How may wet bedding affect resp?

A

Ammonia irritating to resp passages

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8
Q

What is the criteria for weaning a calf?

A

eating 1kg concentrates (per day? check) usually 55-60d

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9
Q

WHen are calves mixed after weaning?

A

Either immediately after (~ days) or a couple of weeks

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10
Q

What calf factors affect immunity?

A
  • colostrum (6L within 12 hours, first 24 hours most important)
  • mixing
  • transport
  • home bred or purchased
  • nutrition
  • standard of husbandry
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11
Q

What is CMR?

A

Calf milk replacer

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12
Q

WHat are the 2 forms of BRD?

A
  • Chronic BRD

- Enzootic = Acute pneumonia

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13
Q

What is seen with enzootic pneumonia?

A 
Groups of calves affected 
- reduced feed intake
- dry/moist cough
- ^ resp rate 
> listen for coughing and look at RR of calves before disturbing them (20-40/min calves, 10-30/min adults)
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14
Q

Individual examination findings - what is the most important parameter?

A

39.5* (temp most important, temp all calves)
- respiration >40/min
- auscultation both lungs and trachea
- ocular nasal discharge
- conjunctivitis
- gently pinch trachea
> full PE only few calves only

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15
Q

What are other terms for acute pneumonia?

A

Enzootic or viral

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16
Q

Pathogenesis of enzootic pneumonia?

A
  • 1* pathogen (virus, mycoplasma) damages resp tract

- 2* athogen (bacteria) invades and causes more substantial damage

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17
Q

Does PI3 always cause disease?

A

Not necessarily, usually present in calf lungs

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18
Q

Does BRSV always cause disease? What is BRSV?

A
  • bovine respiratory syncitial virus

- causes very nasty symptoms and death

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19
Q

Does IBRcause serious clinical signs? Where does this infect?

A
  • Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (herpes virus 1)
  • Infects URT
  • v. severe pneumonia
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20
Q

Which pathogen is associated with SARS like disease?

A

Bovine Coronavirus

21
Q

How may BVDV be associated with pneumonia? Does BVDV cause diarrhoea?

A

Does NOT Usually cause diarrhoea!!

  • immunosupression
  • can worsen concurrent pneumonia infections
22
Q

Which bacteria may be involved in calf pneumonia?

A
  • Manheimia Haemolytica
  • Pasteurella Multocida
  • Arcanobacterium pyogenes
  • Histophilus somni
23
Q

Management of an outbreak of calf pneumonia

A
  • treatent
  • environment
  • PME of dead calves
  • ID pathogens
24
Q

Tx of calf pneumonia?

A
  • attend and do not just dispense Abx over the phone
  • if >25% affected -> metaphylaxis (treat whole group)
    > ABx (not lots of hard evidence but used most commonly)
    > NSAIDs (maybe more effective against the viral component!)
25
Q

“Tx rules” for calf pneumonia

A
  • Read data sheet
  • when to repeat
  • Weigh animals
  • Human safety (eg. micotil fatal in humans, suicide)
  • Meat and milk withdrawal time
  • Injection site (sc/im)
  • Nuflor may not be used in breeding males
26
Q

Side effects of long term NSAID uese?

A
  • GIT abomasal damage

- renal failure if dehydrated

27
Q

WHat samples can be taken to ID pathogens? Which calves do you want to sample?

A
  • calves in early stages of disease
    > transtracheal wash
    > BAL (virus isolation, bacterial culture and sense)
    > Nasopharyngeal swab (virus FAT, culture sense)
    > serology (paired samples clotted, 2-3 weeks inbetween, beware MDA present in young feacal exam (salmonella, parasites)
28
Q

What can be checked at PM?

A

BRD

  • specific diagnostics on lung
  • Bullae may be ppresent
29
Q

What does IBR (BHV1) cause?

A
  • Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis
  • Bovine Herpes Virus 1 (BHV 1)
    > pyrexia
    > conjunctivitis
    > coughing
    > tracheitis (auscultate trachea)
    > URTI
    *NB: BHV1.2 - gential form -> vulvovaginitis etc.
30
Q

What clinical synromes may IBR cause?

A
  • resp disesae (rhinitis, tracheitis, conjunctivitis)
  • ocular form
  • encephalitis (young)
  • abortion (sporadic)
  • repro failure
    > latent infection
31
Q

How does BHV1 (IBR) become latent?

A

Resides in trigeminal ganglion (CN V)

Stress -> recrudescence

32
Q

Treatment of IBR

A

NSAIDs

33
Q

4 methods of IBR control

A
  • state of the herd (bulk milk Ab or sample few beef; monitor abortions; pneumonia cases)
  • biosecurity
  • vaccination (work well; before or after natural exposure prevent respiratory disease, v shedding, prevent abortion)
  • eradication
34
Q

What 2 types of IBR vaccines are available? What new type of vaccine is available for IBR?

A
  • LIve attenuated vaccines (can become latent in the trigeminal ganglion, ^ risk, only 1 or 2 injections needed)
  • Dead killed inactivated, less effective, more boosters needed
    > MArker vaccine (DIVA: differentiate infected from vax animals)
    > Intranasal vax quite good for local immunity
35
Q

What is the most common cause of aspiration pneumonia?

A

Stomach tubing wrong

36
Q

What pathogen is associated with calf diptheria? WHat else is this known as? CLinical signs and PE?

A
  • necrotic laryngitis
    > fusobacterium necrophorum
  • foul smelling necrotic lesions, can be caused by food trapped between teeth and buccal mucosa
  • swollen cheeks
  • ^ respiratory noise
  • respond well to B lactams (G+ organism)
  • auscultate over larynx and trachea (maybe not lungs)
37
Q

Causes of calf diptheria?

A
  • poor stomach tubing technique
  • > mucosal injury calves 1-4 months
  • poor hygeine of feeeding equipment
  • course feeds
38
Q

Tx calf diptheria

A

Abx

- tracheostomy or surery to debride

39
Q

Which breeds are susceptible to diptheria?

A

Texel rams and belgian blues

40
Q

What is the most common disease of older (1-2yo calves)

A

Shipping fever (transit fever/pasteurellosis)
esp seen in feedlots in america
- signs shown 10-14d after transport

41
Q

What predisposes to shipping fever (pastuerellosis)?

A
  • transport, mixing, temperature, stress
42
Q

Clinical signs/presentation of shipping fever?

A
  • sudden onset pyrexia, anorexia, ^ RR, cough, ^ resp noise, grunting
  • may be found dead -> PM!
43
Q

Pathogens involved with shipping fever?

A

Mouth commensals

  • Manheimia haemolytica
  • Pastuerella Multocida
  • Other viuses and bacteria
44
Q

Pathogenesis of shipping fever? Problems?

A
  • Severe acute bronchopneumonia cranio-ventral lobes
  • can become chronic
  • welfare problem
  • economic loss due to v growth
45
Q

How does respiratory disease manifest differently in adults cf. calves?

A

One off rather than disease outbreak

46
Q

What is fog fever also known as? What is it?

A
  • Acute Bovine Pulmonary Oedema and Emphysema
  • Atypical Interstitial Pneumonia
    > Non-infectious disease associated with cattle grazing lush pastures in Autumn
    > Older cattle >2yo
    > up to 50% group can be affected
47
Q

Pathogensis of fog fever?

A
  • L-tryptophan -> 3-methylindole in rumen -> pulmonary toxicity and damage
48
Q

Clinical signs of fog fever

A
  • sidden onset
  • group affected
  • very severe respiratory distress, varies between individuals
  • frothing at mouth
  • distress or death when attempting to move
  • subcut emphysema over back and thorax
49
Q

First action if fog fever noticed? Tx? Prognosis?

A 
Get the animals off the pasture 
- corticosteroids/ NSAIDs
- diuretics
* NB: corticosteroids in pregnant cattle -> abortion
 Prognosis = guarded
50
Q

Prevention of fog fever

A
  • restrict access to lush pastures
  • strip grazing
  • feed hay before and during intiial period of grazing new pasture
  • avoid over fertilising pasture
51
Q

What is bovine farmers lung?

A

Hypersensitivity to moulds
- usually mouldy or poorly made hay
- poor ventilation
> acute with mouth breathing, coughing, drop in milk yield
> chronic insidious with weight loss and coughing
*Farmer may have it aswell!

Respiratory (18 decks)

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