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Respiratory > Respiratory Disease Sheep > Flashcards

Respiratory Disease Sheep Flashcards

1
Q

is respiratory disease usually a flock or individual problem?

A
  • flock
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2
Q

WHat should be observewd on distance examination?

A
  • Flock - look, listen
  • demeanour (normal v sick)
  • size variation (heterogeneity)
  • nasal/ocular discharge?
  • dyspnoea or resp distress
  • coughing
  • particularly bad animals
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3
Q

Main points of resp based PE on clinically affected sheep?

A
  • temp
  • resp (<20 but usually faster)
  • lung sounds may be loud (poor correlation between lung sounds and pathology)
  • HR
  • size and BCS
  • MMs
  • Hydration status
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4
Q

How is definitive Dx usually made?

A

PME of affected animal (don’t let farmer sway you to cull maller unaffected sheep!)

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5
Q

How much is a PME? How much is carcasse disposal?

A

£30-£60

- carcasses disposal £20

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6
Q

WHat further diagnostics are possible for valuable aniamls?

A
  • BAL (NB. many agents commensals of sheep resp tract so ? significance if found, better in calves)
  • Ultrasound/rads
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7
Q

WHat is the main respiratory cuase of sudden death in sheep?

A
  • peracute pneumonia (manheimia haemolytica, enzootic pneumonia) -> septicaemia (usually first lambing yearlings)
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8
Q

What is the main cause of acute or subacute ill-health, cough +- discharge in sheep?

A
  • acute bacterial/viral pneumonias (+ fever)
  • aspiration pneumonia (+ fever)
  • parasitic pneumonia (No fever)
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9
Q

What are the most common presenting signs of rep disease in LAMBS? Causes and Pathophysiology?

A
  • chronic pneumonia (mycoplasma or resolved enzootic pneumonia) -> lung dmage, poor weight gain, chronic ill-thrift and occasional cough
  • multiple lambs affected
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10
Q

What are the most common presenting signs of resp disease in ADULTS? Causes and pathophysiology?

A
  • chronic weight loss
  • breathing difficulties
    > ‘slow virus’ diseases eg. Maedi-Visna, SPA
  • lung tissue replaced with solid tissue
  • only 1-2 animals affected at a time
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11
Q

Which URT obstruction may be seen in sheep? Prognosis?

A
  • laryngeal constriction or damage
  • laryngeal chondritis and abscessation esp. muscle breeds eg. suffolks
    > can be fatal
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12
Q

WHat is the single most common respiraoty problem in sheep?

A

Pneumonia

  • young animals
  • ENDEMIC in UK and world
  • multi-factorial aetiology
  • predisposing factors: ventilation, age, stress
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13
Q

What are the most common pathogens involvd in ovine pneumonia?

A
  • Manheimia Haemolytica (commensal)
  • Mycoplasmas (commensal)
  • PI3 and adenoviruses (predispose to 2* disease)
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14
Q

Which pathogens are less commonly involved in ovine pneumonia?

A
  • Pasturella trehalosi
  • Pasturella multocida
  • Bordatella parpertussis
  • Resp syncytial virus
  • Reoviruses
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15
Q

WHat risk factors predispose ovine pneumonia?

A 
> housing 
- close contact
- poor ventilation 
- high humidity 
> mixing
- ages
-sources
> young = greater risk 
> climate
> stress 
- mixing
- nutrition
- husbandry
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16
Q

Which pathogens are involved in enzootic pneumonia of sheep?

A
  • PI3 predisposing viral damage

- colonisation with m. haemolytica (pasteurella)

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17
Q

Clinical scenario associated with enzootic pneumonia?

A
  • any age
  • any season
  • most commonly young lambs sudden death in young lambs (septicaemia) and pneumonia in lambs and ewes
18
Q

CLinical signs of enzootic pneumonia?

A
  • sudden death
  • high fever (>40.3*)
  • depression
  • inappetent
  • dyspnoea
  • cough
  • nasal discharge (may be frothy)
  • poor thrift in recovered animals
19
Q

Diagnosis of enzzotic pneumonia?

A
  • hx, clinical signs
  • PME +- histopath and culture of large colony from lung
    • isolation of PI3/M. haemolytica from NASAL cavity IS NOT DIAGNOSTIC**
  • need BAL
20
Q

Tx of enzootic pneumonia outbreak? How may this be different for individual animal?

A
  • prophylactic LA oxytet and vax
  • individual: LA oxytet or tilmicosin
    > limited Abx in sheep, think cascade
21
Q

Why may oxytet not be effective in sheep?

A
  • commonly used heavily for tx of chlamydophila abortions so may have developed resistence on farm
22
Q

Give 2 common vax protocols for enzootic pneumonia

A
  1. Ewe
    - sensitiser + booster 4-6 weeks later
    - booster 4-6weeks prelambing to maximise colostrum levels
  2. young lamb
    - maternal antibody lasts 3-5 weeks
    - vax then, booster 3-4 weeks later
23
Q

What is enzootic pneumonia vax protocol commonly combined with?

A

Clostridial vaccine

24
Q

Clinical signs of atypical pneumonia?

A
  • death RARE
  • low growth rates common
  • occasional clinical disease
  • usually subclinical
  • flock signs of cough and nasal discharge
  • dullness and loss of condition
25
Q

Diagnosis of atypical pneumonia?

A
  • hx, clinical signs
  • PME
    > clearly demarcated red-brown or grey areas of lung
    > apical and cardiac lobes
    > MYCOPLASMA OVIPNEUMONIAE
26
Q

Prevention/control of atypical pneumonia?

A
  • housing design and ventilation improvements
  • v stocking density
  • quarantine introduced animals (not all sheep carry mycoplasma)
27
Q

Only important sheep lung worm?

A

Dictyocaulus filaria

28
Q

When is peak larval contamination of dictycaulus filaria?

A
  • autumn and winter (build up on summer pasture)
29
Q

What aged lambs are most commonly affected?

A

Up to 1 year

- variation in individual susceptability

30
Q

Clinical signs of parasitic pneumonia?

A
  • coughing
  • ^ RR
  • nasal discharge
  • if severe, weight loss
  • death rare
31
Q

Diagnosis of parasitic pneumonia

A
  • hx, clinical signs
  • larvae in feaces
  • PME adult worms clearly visable in bronchi
  • leasions in diaphragmatic lobes
32
Q

Is resp parasitism as common a problem as GI parasitism?

A

No, basically no economic significance to farmers

- exception: severe lungworm infestation seen with paratuberculosis (johne’s) due to immunocompromise

33
Q

Control of parasitic pneumonia?

A

= GI parasite control measures

- no vax

34
Q

What type of virus causes maedi-visna? What does it cause clinical signs wise? When does it manifest?

A
  • Lentivirus (slow virus)
  • seen in 3yo +
  • slow progression of signs
  • dyspnoea, wasting and mastitis, arthritis
    +- cough, nasal discharge
35
Q

How is maedi-visna transmitted?

A
  • vertical in coclostrum and milk

- some horizontal transmission

36
Q

Does maedi-visna cause mortality?

A

not really, ~2% mortality but mainly due to premature culling as poor production milk etc.

37
Q

Diagnosis of maedi-visna?

A
  • Hx, clinical signs
  • serology (individual/flock)
  • PME: voluminous lungs, uncollapsed but will sink
  • histopath
38
Q

Treatment/prevention/control of maedi-visna?

A
  • NO Tx
  • Prevent disease introduction
    > CheCs scheme attempt to eradicate from individual farms (certification)
  • control options = many!
    > cull clinical cases
    > cull all ewes when 4-5yo
    > cull offspring of affected ewes
    > testing and culling
    > snatch lambs from seropositive ewes
    > complete destock and replacement (ensure buying from accreditied source or could just buy them all back in!)
39
Q

What is SPA also known as? What is it? Mortality?

A
  • sheep pulmonary adenomatosis = ovine PA =Jaaksiekte
  • retrovirus
  • slowly progressive lung adenocarcinoma (common contagious tumour)
  • long incubation
  • transmission respiratory and vertical
  • Mortality high on first instance then becomes endemic (losses 2-10%)
40
Q

Clinical signs of Jaagsiekte?

A
  • adult sheep (2-4yo)
  • progressive resp disease
  • weight loss
  • wheelbarrow test to check for fluid coming out of the nostrils
    = otherwise same as Maedi-visna
41
Q

Diagnosis of Jaagsiekte?

A
  • Hx and lcinical signs
  • NO serology
  • PME: tumours in lungs, enlarged consolidated lungs with frothy fluid in bronchi
  • histopath
  • may occour in conjuction with other diseases eg. Maedi-Visna just to confuse you!!

Respiratory (18 decks)

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