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Geography > Ice On Land > Flashcards

Ice On Land Flashcards

0
Q

What’s an input

A

Comes from avalanches on sides of glaciers and precipitation of snow

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1
Q

Where was ice age in Britain

A

Ice extended to the line connecting the Severn estuary to the Thames estuary

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2
Q

What’s storage in a glacier

A

Ice accumulates and is compressed into ice and stored

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3
Q

What’s an output

A

Meltwater and evaporation

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4
Q

Zone of accumulation

A

Snow builds up at a certain point as more snow is gathering than melting

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5
Q

If the zone of accumulation exceeds the zone of ablation

A

than the glacier will move advance as it has expanded

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6
Q

If the zone of ablation exceeds the zone of accumulation

A

Then the glacier will retreat as it is shrinking

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7
Q

In the summer a glacier

A

Retreats

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8
Q

In the winter a glacier

A

Advances

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9
Q

Most of the worlds glaciers are

A

Retreating

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10
Q

What’s the snout of a glacier

A

Front end of it

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11
Q

Why’s the snout blue

A

High pressure
Air has pushed out
Very compact ice
This makes it blue

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12
Q

Ice in the middle of the glacier

A

Firn ice which is grey

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13
Q

3 forms of glacial erosion

A
  1. Free thaw action
  2. Abrasion
  3. Plucking
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14
Q

What is plucking

A

Glacial ice freezes onto rock on the valley base and when the glacier moves it pulls bits of rocks away with it

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15
Q

What is abrasion

A

Rock which has become integrated into the glacier (moraine) wears away at the valley sides and floor

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16
Q

Examples of glacial transfers

A

Advancing
Retreating
Meltwater

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17
Q

6 glacial landforms

A
  1. Corries
  2. Arêtes
  3. Pyramidal peaks
  4. Glacial troughs
  5. Truncated Spurs
  6. Hanging valleys
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18
Q

Formation of a corrie

A
  1. Ice collects in natural hollow shady side of mountain
  2. As more snow collects it compacts the snow beneath turning into ice
  3. Ice will rotate in hollow which which will widen and deepen it with plucking and abrasion
  4. As it starts to move out of the hollow it forms and armchair shape where it is spilling out and it’s heightened by deposition of moraine
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19
Q

Welsh name for corries

A

Cwms

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20
Q

French name for corries

A

Cirques

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21
Q

Lakes in corries

A

Tarns

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22
Q

Example of a corrie

A

Cwm idwal in North Wales

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23
Q

How does an arête form

A
  1. 2 corries from on either side of a mountain
  2. Both wear back until the rooof both steep back walls meet and from a sharp edge
  3. This is an arête
24
Q

How big are arêtes

A

Can be up to serve meters long

25
Q

Examples of arêtes

A

Hellvelyn in the Lake District

Cader Idris in Snowdonka

26
Q

How does a pyramidal peak form

A
  1. Three or four corries from back to back on a mountain

2. Steep back walls meet to form a peak (series of arêtes)

27
Q

Examples of pyramidal peaks

A

Matterhorn in Switzerland
Everest in the Himalayas
Eiger in Switzerland

28
Q

What is a glacial trough

A

Valley which has undergone glaciation

29
Q

Characteristics of glacial troughs

A 
Wider 
Flatter 
U shaped 
Smooth valley floor 
More angular with pyramidal peaks and arêtes 
Truncated Spurs 
Hanging valleys
30
Q

What’s a ribbon lake

A

Long straight lake on glaciated valley floor which take away the top layer of weaker rock

31
Q

Why do hanging valleys form

A

Tributary valleys had much smaller and weaker glaciers in them so were not eroded as deeply as the main valley and often waterfalls are found in them

32
Q

Why do truncated spurs replace interlocking spurs

A

Glacier doesn’t bend around meanders it cuts straight through the landscape

33
Q

Examples of glacial valleys

A

Nant Frrancan valley

Lauter Brünnen valley

34
Q

Different moraine types

A
  1. Lateral moraine
  2. Medial moraine
  3. Ground moraine
  4. Terminal moraine
35
Q

Lateral moraine

A

Carried on the sides of the glacier and deposited here

36
Q

Medial moraine

A

Formed when 2 glaciers meet and lateral of both becomes medial moraine

37
Q

Why would two glaciers meet

A

Two tributary glaciers meet at a confluence and become one large glacier

38
Q

Ground moraine

A

Masks any former landforms because very large quantity left at base of valley

39
Q

Terminal moraine

A

Left behind at the snout at right angel to the valley sides

40
Q

Why/how do ribbon lakes form

A

Softer rocks have eroded more easily when a glacier moves
This means there are deeper sections where meltwater collects
Deposition of moraine creates a dam trapping this forming a lake

41
Q

What are drumlins

A

Elongated features made of till

42
Q

How large can drumlins be

A

500m in width, 50m in height and 1000m in length

43
Q

Collection of drumlins

A

Called a swarm

44
Q

How do drumlins form

A 
Ice becomes overloaded with sediment 
Deposits some 
Moves faster as it less heavy 
Drops less as it moves faster 
This created elongated egg shape
45
Q

What is an avalanche

A

Sudden downhill movement go snow which can also contain ice and rock

46
Q

How many types of avalanches are there and what are they

A

Losse snow avalanches

Slap avalanches

47
Q

How fast can avalanches travel

A

Up to 300km/h

48
Q

What is a loose snow avalanche

A

Movement of lose powdery snow which usually starts from one single point on a mountain

49
Q

What is a slab avalanche

A

Large slabs of ice and snow break away from the hillside and move rapidly downhill with immense power

50
Q

Causes of avalanches

A
  1. Heavy snowfall
  2. Uneven rates of freezing
  3. Deforestation
  4. Steep slopes
  5. Vibrations
  6. Wind direction
  7. Temperature rise
  8. Heavy rainfall
51
Q

How does heavy snowfall cause an avalanche

A

Increases weight of snow significantly

52
Q

How does uneven freezing rates cause an avalanche

A

Distinct layers of snow and ice so slabs aren’t completely stuck together

53
Q

How does deforestation cause an avalanche

A

Trees interrupt the flow of snow, break it into different paths and increase stability of the slope

54
Q

How does steep slopes cause an avalanche

A

Avalanches are more likely to occur on slopes with an angle of 30 degrees of higher

55
Q

How to prevent vibrations from causing an avalanche

A

Created by noise or off piste skiers
AFter heavy snowfall in a resort people will go out and set off explosives on the slopes in order to induce an avalanche to stop one occurring when there are skiers on the slope

56
Q

How does wind direction cause and earthquake

A

Wind can move snow to a certain place and it will pile up and could start to move downhill

57
Q

How does heavy rainfall cause an avalanche

A

Lubricates slope so snow doesn’t bond to layers below/the slope and moves downhill

58
Q

How does temperature rise cause an avalanche

A

Snow melts and falls into snow beneath, lubricating the slope which stops snow from bonding to slope

Geography (6 decks)

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